======The passive voice: all tenses====== =====Introduction=====

christmas, presents, family, gifts, famille cadeau noel child enfant    Gifts are given at Christmas.

=====Uses=====


We use the passive because, in English, we often place the most important part of a sentence at the beginning. Consider these two sentences which give the same information: 


1. "The storm damaged my roof last night." [active] This is part of a conversation about a storm. The storm is the focus of the conversation so it is placed at the beginning of the sentence. 


2. "My roof was damaged in the storm last night." [passive] Here, the topic of conversation is the roof. The roof didn't 'do' anything but it is placed at the beginning of the sentence because the speaker wants to focus on it.


 

Note that 


The person or thing that performs an action is sometimes called 'the agent'. We often omit the agent completely.

             My roof was damaged last night.  


Uses

Examples

 

The object is more important than the subject.

 

My roof was damaged (by the storm).

 

English is spoken in Australia and New Zealand.

 

 

We don't know who or what performed an action.

 

 

Last night, the bank in the High Street was robbed and £250,000 was stolen.

 

It is obvious who performed an action so we do not need to mention the agent.

 

 

Two men were arrested this morning. [We know it must be by the police.]

 

He was sent off in the match against South Africa. [by the referee, of course]

 

 

An action is performed by people in general.

 

 

The coast of France can be seen from England on a clear day. [by anyone]

 

 

It doesn't matter who performs the action - the agent isn't relevant to the topic.

 

 

Coffee is grown in Brazil.

 

[The topic is coffee; the individual farmers are not important here.]

 

 

We don't want to mention the agent.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I was told to do it like that! [I've done something wrong but I don't want to cause trouble for the colleague who gave me the wrong instructions]

 

Where did you get that necklace? Oh, it was given to me ages ago. [by an ex-boyfriend but I don't want to tell you that!]

 

"Mistakes were made." - Ronald Reagan

 

People in positions of authority, such as politicians, want to distance themselves from the action.

 

 

The budget has been altered to reflect current trends.

 

Appropriate action was taken.

 

The situation is being dealt with.

 

Steps will be taken to address the issues.

  

 

The process or principle is the most important thing - in scientific or academic writing, for example.

 

Calcium carbonate is put into a test tube. About 10 cm3 hydrochloric acid is added and the bung quickly replaced.

 

An earthquake happens when energy in the Earth's crust is suddenly released and seismic waves are created.

 

Flour, sugar and eggs are mixed together.

 




 

=====Structure=====


Tense or modal

Subject

           'to be'

Past participle

Present simple

 

The car(s)

is/are

sold in Europe.

Present continuous

 

The car(s)

is/are being

sold in Europe.

Past simple

 

The car(s)

was/were

sold in Europe.

Past continuous

 

The car(s)

was/were being

sold in Europe.

Present perfect simple

 

The car(s)

has/have been

sold in Europe.

Past perfect simple

 

The car(s)

had been

sold in Europe.

Future simple

 

The car(s)

will be

sold in Europe.

Future "going to"

 

The car(s)

is going to be

sold in Europe.

Future perfect simple

 

The car(s)

will have been

sold in Europe.

Might/May

The car(s)

might/may be

might/may have been

 

 

sold in Europe.

Could

 

The car(s)

could be

could have been

 

 

sold in Europe.

Can

 

The car(s)

can be

sold in Europe.

Should

The car(s)

should be

should have been

 

 

sold in Europe.

Ought to

The car(s)

ought to be

ought to have been

 

 

sold in Europe.

Would

The car(s)

would be

would have been

 

 

sold in Europe.

Must

The car(s)

must be

must have been

 

 

sold in Europe.

Have to

The car(s)

have to be

had to be

 

 

sold in Europe.

Need

 

The car(s)

need(ed) to be

sold in Europe.

Used to

 

The car(s)

used to be

sold in Europe.


We form negative sentences by making the verb 'to be' negative. The past participle remains unchanged.

I live in France but I wasn't born there.

She hasn't been promoted since 1998.

He isn't getting treated well in his new job.

The meeting can't be held this week.

The order needn't be sent until the end of the week.


 We form questions using the usual rules. [See rules for making questions.]


Was the job finished on time?

Has lunch been prepared yet?

Where will the meeting be held?

How is cheese made?

Who is invited?



=====Using 'by'=====

Sometimes, we use the word 'by' to add information about the agent.

The Internet is used by nearly two thousand million people worldwide.

This building was designed by a famous architect.

More men than women are employed by this company.

In these sentences, we are still placing the important part of the sentence at the beginning.

=====Formal and informal=====

The passive is used in both formal and informal situations.

New laws are expected to be introduced in this Parliament that will link pension payments to life expectancy. [The Times 25/6/2010]

I have to get the train to work today because my car's being repaired.

I was born in London.


=====Get=====

For informal communication, we sometimes use get instead of to be.

This bridge gets repainted every 5 years.

The boys were playing football in the garden again and a window got broken. Luckily, no one got hurt this time!


=====Transitive and intransitive verbs=====

Only transitive verbs have a passive form.

Active

Passive

 

They sent a letter.

 

 

A letter was sent.                               

 

They're decorating our office.

 

 

Our office is being decorated.          

 

We're going to raise our targets.

 

 

Our targets are going to be raised.

 

The sun rises in the east.     

 

 

 

Note that some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive:

 

The water boiled. [i]

 

I boiled some water. [t] 


 

Some water was boiled.

 

 

 


=====Different forms=====

Sometimes there are two possible active and passive forms depending on the emphasis.

 

Active

Passive

 

When I left my last job, they gave me a gift.   green check mark, tick markgreen check mark, tick mark

[object (me) +object (a gift)]  green check mark, tick markgreen check mark, tick mark

 

I was given a gift.  green check mark, tick markgreen check mark, tick mark

[This one sounds more natural.]

 

 

When I left my last job, they gave a gift to me. green check mark, tick mark

[correct but less common]

 

 

A gift was given to me.   green check mark, tick mark

[Correct but less common - we might use this if, for example, we're stressing "me."]

 

 

Other similar verbs include: lend, offer, sell, send, show, teach, tell and throw.

 

 

However, with some verbs, object + object is not possible and so there is only one active form and one passive form.

 

Active

Passive

 

He explained the figures to me. green check mark, tick mark

 

 

The figures were explained to me. green check mark, tick mark 

 

 

He explained me the figures.   red x, red cross

I was explained the figures.   red x, red cross         

 

 

Other similar verbs include: deliver, demonstrate, describe, introduce, mention, report, say and suggest.

 


=====Passive gerunds=====

There are different forms of passive gerunds.

Form and rules

Examples

 

'being' + past participle

 

 

 

 

 

He doesn't like being told what to do.

 

Being elected by my peers was very rewarding.

 

They enjoy being shown the sites in Paris.

 

He avoids being seen when he arrives late.

 

Other verbs which can be used before 'being' include: hate, imagine, remember and resent.

 

Note that these verbs do not have corresponding meanings in active and passive sentences. 

 

 

When the active form consists of verb + object + gerund.

 

They caught him stealing.

 

His boss heard him making a private call.

 

 

 

 

 

 

He was caught stealing.

 

He was heard making a private call.

 

Note that these are only possible when the subject and object are people.

 

 

 

 


=====Passive with infinitive =====

This consists of the infinitive of 'to be' + past participle.

He asked to be contacted immediately if the situation changed.

The longer they knew him the more he came to be respected by his colleagues.

He chose to be given an extra week's holiday instead of a pay rise.

My car needs to be washed.

She hopes to be invited.

It has to be finished today.

 


=====Reported passive =====

We can use a passive form to report what someone thinks or says:

It is thought that he's living in Spain.

He is thought to be living in Spain.

Hundreds of people are believed to have been killed in the earthquake.

She was said to have resigned from the government.

It has been suggested that we hold another meeting next week.

It is thought that red wine shouldn't be drunk with fish.

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