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--- en:grammar:future:shall [2017/02/03 15:15] – marie
+++ en:grammar:future:shall [2023/02/14 14:32] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 =====Examples=====
 <html><p><img height="99" id="223" style="width: 107px; height: 69px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/223_2ddaae3a8aeb58acf36f4ecc2e785896.jpg">&nbsp; <span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'><strong>We <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall</span> be there by 5 - looking forward to it.</strong></span>&nbsp;</p> <p><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'><img height="150" id="401" style="width: 101px; height: 90px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/401_a37ba30c2d980b1be9b2531d627fe2c8.png">&nbsp;&nbsp; <span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'><strong>I <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall</span> just ignore them.</strong></span></span>&nbsp;</p> <p><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'><img height="183" id="233" style="width: 91px; height: 103px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/233_af1b492e6a570a619c151313d8bd9dc1.jpg">&nbsp; <span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'><strong>I <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shan't</span> be at the meeting tomorrow - I'll be too busy.</strong></span></span></span>&nbsp;</p> <p><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'><img height="120" id="237" style="width: 113px; height: 93px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/237_905dcaa5b9f8eb631ce1f2783826cc63.jpg">&nbsp; <b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">Shan't </span>we see you at the seminar next week?"</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'>"No, I'll be on holiday."</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br></p></html>
-=====Legal terms=====
-<html><p><img height="120" id="1408" style="width: 122px; height: 87px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1408_6c608ca08a46aaf2e41e9c8b576d25d7.jpg">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'><strong>The supplier <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall</span> dispatch all orders within three days of payment.</strong></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;'></span><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>In some legal documents, contracts, laws and formal rules, it is also used with 'he', 'she', 'it' and 'they'.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Affirmative: He/she/it/they <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall</span></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Negative:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>He/she/it/they <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall not</span></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Note </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>that:</span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>These documents are written in formal English so contractions are not used.<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>There is no necessity for an interrogative form in these documents.</span></b></p><p><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><br></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><table class="MsoTableLightListAccent1" style="border: currentColor; border-image: none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr style="height: 3pt; mso-yfti-irow: -1; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"><td width="319" valign="top" style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; height: 3pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themecolor: accent1;"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;'>Use</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p></td><td width="319" valign="top" style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; height: 3pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1;"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: background1;'>Example</span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-themecolor: accent1;"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To express obligations </span></b></p></td><td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-themecolor: accent1;"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The employer <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall</span> pay compensation in the event of a successful claim.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>These rules <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall</span> apply to all participants.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>The terms of this lease <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall</span> be from 2016 until 2022.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1;"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To express negative obligations</span></b></p></td><td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; border-style: none solid none none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1;"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><span class="ft"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The company <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall not</span> be liable for any loss or damage.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>The amount paid <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall not</span> exceed the insured sum set.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr><tr><td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-themecolor: accent1;"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To express prohibition</span></b></p></td><td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-themecolor: accent1;"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><span class="ft"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><span class="ft"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Members of the forum <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204); mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">shall not </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">purchase</span> nor sell any music that is known to be stolen from its legal owner.</span></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>No candidate <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall</span> be allowed to enter the room more than thirty minutes after the start of the exam.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1;"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To state requirements</span></b></p></td><td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1;"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>A score of 60% <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall</span> be deemed a pass.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The Contractor's sub-contractors <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall not </span>be considered as being employees or agents.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><br></p></span><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Note </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>that in both the UK and USA, there is some disagreement about this use of <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall</span>. For example:</span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></b>&nbsp;</p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Some people believe it should be avoided and that 'will' should always be used. Others use 'will' in order to express a client's obligations and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall </span>for the other party's obligations with no difference in meaning.</span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Others believe that <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">shall</span> can also be used to mean 'may' or 'can', as in the United States Constitution, or to state a fact:</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;'>No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that<a name="_GoBack"></a> State in which he shall be chosen.</span></b></p></span><p><br></p></html>
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