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--- en:grammar:past_perfect:the_past_perfect_simple [2018/11/08 09:51] – [Definition] tania
+++ en:grammar:past_perfect:the_past_perfect_simple [2023/02/14 14:32] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt"><strong><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>affirmative:<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>subject + 'had' + past participle</SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt"><strong><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>I'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d sent </SPAN>an email. </SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt"><strong><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>negative:&nbsp;<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN>subject + 'had' + 'not'+ past participle</SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt"><strong><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN>I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">hadn't sent </SPAN>an email.</SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt"><strong><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>interrogative:<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN>'had' + subject + past participle</SPAN></strong></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt"><strong><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">Had</SPAN> you <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">sent </SPAN>an email?</SPAN><BR> </strong></P> </html>
 =====Uses=====
-<html><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The past perfect simple is used to refer to actions and activities which occurred before a specified time in the past. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Usually, when we tell a story in the past, we use the <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">past simple</span> and <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">past continuous</span> but if we want to mention something which happened before the main narrative, we use the past perfect. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>For example, this is a story of something that happened two months ago, so all events before that are in the past perfect:</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I met Sandra for lunch a couple of months ago."</span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";'></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"Where did you go?"</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><br></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"To that new Italian place in the High Street. The food was amazing and it was good to catch up - I <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">hadn't seen</span> her for two years."</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"And how was she?"</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"Really happy. She'd been planning a trip to Japan. She'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d decided</span> which cities to visit and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">had</span> just <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">registered</span> for a Japanese course."</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">Had</span> she <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">booked</span> her flights?"</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><br></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"No she was still comparing prices and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">hadn't decided</span> which airline to go with."</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></b>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span>&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The past perfect simple is particularly useful in the following situations:</span></b></p><br> <table style="border: currentColor; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" table=""> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Situation</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Examples</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To talk about life experiences before and related to a past event. It does not matter exactly when the experience happened before the main narrative. <span style="color: red;"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"I went to Japan on business last month."</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">Had</span> you <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">been</span> to Japan before?"</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"No I <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">hadn't</span> but I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d met </span>a lot of Japanese people in my job so I was quite familiar with the culture."</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To talk about actions in a specific period, including someone's life. The period may be finished now but was unfinished at a point in the past. There is a suggestion that the situation might have changed after the point in the past.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 176, 80); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; border-style: none solid none none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">hadn't seen </span>him much in the previous few years.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The U.K. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">had had</span> thirty-seven Prime Ministers before a female one was elected.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d written </span>four books by the time he was twenty. <span style="color: rgb(0, 176, 80);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To explain something at a point in the past. It often answers the question, 'why?', and we may have been able to see a result in the past.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I couldn't read it because I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d lost </span>my glasses. <span style="color: rgb(0, 176, 80);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 176, 80); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"Why were you so hot when you arrived?"</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d run </span>all the way there."</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d spilt </span>milk all over the floor so I had to clear it up quickly before the guests arrived. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To report progress by a specific point in the past - talking about what had and had not been done. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; border-style: none solid none none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>There was a meeting last Friday - by Thursday, I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d booked </span>a room and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">sent </span>an email to everyone with the details but I <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">hadn't written </span>the agenda or <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">ordered</span> the lunch.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>When something started in the past and continued until a later point in the past, we use the <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">past perfect continuous</span> but the past perfect simple can also be used as an alternative with certain verbs, including 'to live', 'to work', 'to teach' and 'to manage'. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(112, 48, 160); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>There is a suggestion of permanence similar to the difference between the <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">present simple</span> and <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">present continuous</span>.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 176, 80); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d lived </span>in that house for thirty years when I decided to move.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d</span> always <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">worked</span> for a big company before starting this job.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d taught </span>English for 20 years before she had a change of career and became a gardener.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d managed </span>the sales department since 1985 before retiring in 2010.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 176, 80); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>With <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">stative verbs </span>when we would usually use the <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">past perfect continuous</span>.<span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(112, 48, 160); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d known </span>him for a long time.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d </span>only <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">had </span>the car since Christmas but it broke down.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>&nbsp;</p></html>
+<html><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Usually, when we tell a story in the past, we use the <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">past simple</span> and <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">past continuous</span> but if we want to mention something which happened before the main narrative, we use the past perfect. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>For example, this is a story of something that happened two months ago, so all events before that are in the past perfect:</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I met Sandra for lunch a couple of months ago."</span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";'></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"Where did you go?"</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><br></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"To that new Italian place in the High Street. The food was amazing and it was good to catch up - I <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">hadn't seen</span> her for two years."</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"And how was she?"</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"Really happy. She'd been planning a trip to Japan. She'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d decided</span> which cities to visit and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">had</span> just <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">registered</span> for a Japanese course."</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">Had</span> she <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">booked</span> her flights?"</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><br></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>"No she was still comparing prices and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">hadn't decided</span> which airline to go with."</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></b>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'></span>&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The past perfect simple is particularly useful in the following situations:</span></b></p><br> <table style="border: currentColor; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" table=""> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Situation</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="background: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Examples</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To talk about life experiences before and related to a past event. It does not matter exactly when the experience happened before the main narrative. <span style="color: red;"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"I went to Japan on business last month."</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">Had</span> you <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">been</span> to Japan before?"</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"No I <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">hadn't</span> but I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d met </span>a lot of Japanese people in my job so I was quite familiar with the culture."</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To talk about actions in a specific period, including someone's life. The period may be finished now but was unfinished at a point in the past. There is a suggestion that the situation might have changed after the point in the past.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 176, 80); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; border-style: none solid none none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">hadn't seen </span>him much in the previous few years.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The U.K. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">had had</span> thirty-seven Prime Ministers before a female one was elected.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d written </span>four books by the time he was twenty. <span style="color: rgb(0, 176, 80);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To explain something at a point in the past. It often answers the question, 'why?', and we may have been able to see a result in the past.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I couldn't read it because I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d lost </span>my glasses. <span style="color: rgb(0, 176, 80);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 176, 80); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"Why were you so hot when you arrived?"</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d run </span>all the way there."</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d spilt </span>milk all over the floor so I had to clear it up quickly before the guests arrived. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>To report progress by a specific point in the past - talking about what had and had not been done. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; border-style: none solid none none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>There was a meeting last Friday - by Thursday, I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d booked </span>a room and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">sent </span>an email to everyone with the details but I <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">hadn't written </span>the agenda or <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">ordered</span> the lunch.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>When something started in the past and continued until a later point in the past, we use the <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">past perfect continuous</span> but the past perfect simple can also be used as an alternative with certain verbs, including 'to live', 'to work', 'to teach' and 'to manage'. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(112, 48, 160); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>There is a suggestion of permanence similar to the difference between the <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">present simple</span> and <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">present continuous</span>.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 176, 80); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d lived </span>in that house for thirty years when I decided to move.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d</span> always <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">worked</span> for a big company before starting this job.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d taught </span>English for 20 years before she had a change of career and became a gardener.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d managed </span>the sales department since 1985 before retiring in 2010.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 176, 80); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>With <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">stative verbs </span>when we would usually use the <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">past perfect continuous</span>.<span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(112, 48, 160); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d known </span>him for a long time.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">d </span>only <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">had </span>the car since Christmas but it broke down.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>&nbsp;</p></html>
 =====Words and expressions commonly used with the past perfect simple=====
 <html><P style="TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class=MsoListParagraph><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><U><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>Just</SPAN></U></B><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US> and <U>already</U></SPAN></B></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>These are often used in the same way as in the present perfect simple. For example:</SPAN></B></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>When I arrived, he'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d</SPAN> already <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">left</SPAN>.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>When I saw him, he'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d</SPAN> just <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">returned </SPAN>from his trip to Japan.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</SPAN></B></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class=MsoListParagraph><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><U><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>By</SPAN></U></B><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>We often use the word 'by' when we want to specify a time at or before which something was done or achieved. For example:</SPAN></B></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -14.2pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 42.55pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>By 5 o'clock, I<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">'d drunk </SPAN>seven cups of coffee and <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">sent</SPAN> 45 emails but I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">hadn't started </SPAN>writing the weekly report. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>She'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d had </SPAN>four jobs by&nbsp;the time she was 30.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -14.2pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 42.55pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>We drove from Scotland to Italy last summer. By the end of the holiday, we'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d visited </SPAN>six countries, <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">stayed</SPAN> in three hotels and <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">spoken</SPAN> four different languages.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -14.2pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 42.55pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</SPAN></B></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 21pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class=MsoListParagraph><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><U><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>How long..? For/since</SPAN></U></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>In those situations when we use the past perfect simple as an alternative to the continuous, we can ask questions using 'How long..?'</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>How long <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">had</SPAN> they <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">been</SPAN> married?</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>How long <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">had</SPAN> you <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">lived</SPAN> in London?</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>We can specify duration with either 'for' or 'since'. We use 'for' with a period of time and 'since' with a specific point in the past.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="TEXT-INDENT: 1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>They'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d been </SPAN>married for two years.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><A name=_GoBack></A><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</SPAN>I'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d lived </SPAN>in London since 2008.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US></SPAN></B>&nbsp;</P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>Some more examples:</SPAN></B></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184" border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 Table> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white" lang=EN-US>For</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white" lang=EN-US>Since</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>five minutes</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>two hours</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>days</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>three weeks</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>a long time</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>the day/week/month/year before</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>the previous day/week/month/year</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>October</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>1974</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>I was a child</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc" lang=EN-US>Note that </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>in negative sentences with 'for' or 'since', there are different possible meanings between the past perfect simple and the <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0">past perfect continuous</SPAN>. The <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0">past perfect continuous</SPAN> is less likely to be heard. For example:</SPAN></B></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext" border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 Table> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-US>I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">hadn't been</SPAN> to the theatre for ages - so I was really happy when Susan invited me to see <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Phantom of the Opera</I>.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 16.2pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-US>[There was a long time between my last visit and Susan's invitation.]</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-US>I hadn't been going to the theatre for ages when I decided to start going again.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 16.2pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-US>[I used to go to the theatre regularly, then I didn't go for a long time and then I started going again. This structure is much less likely to be heard than the simple form.]</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-US>I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">hadn't spoken</SPAN> to Patty since Monday - she was on a business trip until Thursday. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 16.2pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-US>[We had no contact between Monday and Thursday.]</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-US></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-US>I hadn't been speaking to Patty since Monday but she apologised on Thursday and everything is OK now. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 16.2pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-US>[When we 'are not speaking to someone', it means we are deliberately not communicating because of an argument. So this means that between Monday and Thursday, we chose not to have any contact.]</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc" lang=EN-US>Note that</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'" lang=EN-US> these words and expressions can also be used with some other tenses.</SPAN></B></P><BR></html>