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--- en:grammar:relative_pronouns:non-defining_relative_clauses [2017/02/15 09:11] – [Non-defining relative clauses] kim
+++ en:grammar:relative_pronouns:non-defining_relative_clauses [2023/02/14 14:32] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-======Relative pronouns: non-defining relative clauses ======
+======Non-defining relative clauses ======
 =====Introduction=====
 <html><p><img height="223" id="1580" style="width: 104px; height: 122px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1580_d6c5fd8ec024e23b156523bf3ee3f0da.jpg">&nbsp; <span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><strong>These snacks, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span> are so easy to make, are absolutely delicious.</strong></span><br>&nbsp;</p></html>
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 <html><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We sometimes use a relative clause in order to add a little extra, unnecessary information.<!--?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /--></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></p><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;'>In these kinds of sentences, the clause is often in the middle of a sentence, with a comma before and after it. </span></b></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My manager, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span><span style="color: rgb(244, 176, 131);"> </span>prefers bigger teams, wants to recruit more staff.</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Our most recent project, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which </span>took two years to complete, was very successful.<span style="color: rgb(244, 176, 131);"></span></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>If we remove the relative clause, the meaning of the sentence remains clear - we know which manager and project we are talking about:</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>My manager wants to recruit more staff.</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Our most recent project was very successful.</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>So, there is a difference between these two sentences:</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My sister, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> lives in Paris, is an architect.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My sister <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> lives in Paris is an architect.</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>In sentence number 1. we know which sister we are talking about - maybe there is only one sister or it is already clear which one we are referring to. We could just say:</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My sister is an architect.</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>In sentence number 2. the speaker has more than one sister and uses a defining relative clause to tell us which one is an architect. It is the one who lives in Paris.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br></p><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>As well as putting the clause in the middle of a sentence between two commas, we can also put it at the end of a sentence:</span></b></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Our most recent project was successful, <u><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span> made us all very happy.</u></span></b></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br></font></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>She went on holiday to Italy, <u><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> her son lives</u>.</span></b></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br></font></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Remember that in non-defining relative clauses, we cannot use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>. We have to use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> or <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span>. Compare a non-defining and defining relative clause:</span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>He cooked a meal for us last night, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span><span style="color: rgb(244, 176, 131);"> </span>was unusual. [He doesn't usually cook.]</b></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>He cooked a meal for us last night <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span> was unusual. [The meal was unusual.]</span></b></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br></font></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>This can be confusing because you might think you are hearing <u>two separate sentences</u> instead of a relative clause. We can, in fact, have two separate sentences but with 'that' as a demonstrative pronoun:</span></b></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>He cooked a meal for us last night. That was unusual. [He doesn't usually cook.]</span></b></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br></font></p></span><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></p></span><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br></p><p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Note that </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>in non-defining relative clauses, we cannot use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>. We have to use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> or <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span>.</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My sister, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> lives in Paris, is an architect. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="112" id="39" style="width: 21px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My sister, that lives in Paris, is an architect.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="149" id="40" style="width: 21px; height: 14px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My sister <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span> lives in Paris is an architect.&nbsp; </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><img height="112" id="39" style="width: 21px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>it is never possible to omit <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span> and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> in non-defining relative clauses: </span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(255, 51, 153); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My daughters, <u><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span></u> are both students, live at home with me. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="112" id="39" style="width: 21px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My daughters, <s>who</s> are both students, live at home with me. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;<img height="149" id="40" style="width: 21px; height: 14px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The meeting, <u><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span></u> was on Monday, wasn't very productive. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="112" id="39" style="width: 21px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The meeting, <s>which</s> was on Monday, wasn't very productive. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;<img height="149" id="40" style="width: 21px; height: 14px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></b>&nbsp;</p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>the rules regarding <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who </span>and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom </span>are the same as for defining relative clauses&nbsp;:</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(191, 191, 191); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My manager, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> I really like, is retiring next year. </span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My manager, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> prefers bigger teams, wants to recruit more staff.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>If there is any doubt, it is better to use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who </span>because <u>it is much more commonly used than <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span></u> - both spoken and written. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></b>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We can use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where </span>and<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> whose </span>in non-defining relative clauses:</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'm going to Venice, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> I first met my husband, with some friends next year.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The book, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span> author is Mexican, is a best-seller.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></b>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We can use prepositions in non-defining relative clauses: </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Our manager, <u>for</u> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span> we have a lot of respect, always listens to our problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>[formal]</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Our manager, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> we have a lot of respect <u>for</u>, always listens to our problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>[conversational]</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"></font></span>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"></font></span>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"></font></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 2cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></p></html>
 =====Examples=====
-<html><p><img height="98" id="1797" style="width: 117px; height: 79px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1797_2034c58342a284ebce8784c8c6ce1f15.jpg">&nbsp;&nbsp; <span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><strong>The people in this picture, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span> I met at university, all live in the USA now.</strong></span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'></span> <p><img height="100" id="1947" style="width: 117px; height: 87px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1947_70e8d85013838e5171db2c1c4feef662.jpg">&nbsp; <b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I have four children. My daughters, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> are both students, live at home with me.</span></b></p> <p><img height="224" id="1712" style="width: 103px; height: 124px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1712_97f8040af48fad2a3e25c15de53c34d0.jpg">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"How was your trip?"&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'>"It rained all week, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span> wasn't pleasant, but we agreed on a deal."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></b></p><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></b> <p><img height="100" id="1103" style="width: 115px; height: 80px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1103_8d2ad753452c3f7fa4b7f41264f64309.png">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'm afraid the innovation department, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span><span style="color: red;"> </span>main target is to suggest new services for our portfolio, is understaffed at the moment.</span></b></p> <p><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><!--?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /--><strong><img height="99" id="437" style="width: 117px; height: 82px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/437_b6bef04ec131c1d21ee1a6a06b34d48a.png">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'>Sydney, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> I worked after graduating, is an amazing city.</span></strong></span><br>&nbsp;</p></html>
+<html><p><img height="98" id="1797" style="width: 117px; height: 79px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1797_2034c58342a284ebce8784c8c6ce1f15.jpg">&nbsp;&nbsp; <span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><strong>The people in this picture, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span> I met at university, all live in the USA now.</strong></span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'></span> <p><img height="100" id="1947" style="width: 117px; height: 87px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1947_70e8d85013838e5171db2c1c4feef662.jpg">&nbsp; <b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I have four children. My daughters, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> are both students, live at home with me.</span></b></p> <p><img height="224" id="1712" style="width: 103px; height: 124px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1712_97f8040af48fad2a3e25c15de53c34d0.jpg">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"How was your trip?"&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'>"It rained all week, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span> wasn't pleasant, but we agreed on a deal."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></b></p><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></b> <p><img height="100" id="1103" style="width: 115px; height: 80px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1103_8d2ad753452c3f7fa4b7f41264f64309.png">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Hello everyone. My name's Peter and I'm in charge of the innovation department, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span><span style="color: red;"> </span>main target is to suggest new services for our portfolio.</span></b></p> <p><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><!--?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /--><strong><img height="99" id="437" style="width: 117px; height: 82px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/437_b6bef04ec131c1d21ee1a6a06b34d48a.png">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'>Sydney, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> I worked after graduating, is an amazing city.</span></strong></span><br>&nbsp;</p></html>
+=====Reduced relative clauses =====
+<html> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;'>Reduced relative clauses </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>In order to make certain relative clauses more succinct, we omit both the pronoun and the verb. Here are some examples:</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <table style="border: currentColor; border-image: none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: -1; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastfirstrow: yes;"> <td width="212" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt 0px 0px 1pt; border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.35pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 517;"><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background1;'>&nbsp;</span></p> </td> <td width="260" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; border-style: solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border-image: none; width: 155.9pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1;"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-themecolor: background1;'>Full sentence</span></b></p> </td> <td width="279" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt 1pt 0px 0px; border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.55pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt;"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-themecolor: background1;'>Reduced sentence</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td width="212" valign="top" style="background: white; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border-image: none; width: 127.35pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1;"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>With a past participle</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Note that </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>the participle remains the same whether we are talking about the past, present or future.</span></b></p> </td> <td width="260" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 0px; border-style: solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1;"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>The equipment, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span> was needed for this job, arrived yesterday. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 176, 80); font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Some data, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span> was known to be incorrect, was used so that the report could be completed on time.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> </td> <td width="279" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border-image: none; width: 167.55pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1;"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>The equipment, <u>needed</u> for this job, arrived yesterday.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Some data, <u>known</u> to be incorrect, was used so that the report could be completed on time.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td width="212" valign="top" style="background: white; border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.35pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1;"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0pt; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>With adjectives</span></b></p> </td> <td width="260" valign="top" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1pt; border-style: none none solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border-image: none; width: 155.9pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1;"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;'>The device, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span> was innovative at the time, is no longer used.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> </td> <td width="279" valign="top" style="border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.55pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #5B9BD5 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1;"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;'>The device, <u>innovative</u> at the time, is no longer used.</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>&nbsp;</span></b></p><p><strong> </strong><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/513_0ce45d906a7e804b79f685ab83b4ba36.png" rel="image_show"><img width="219" height="226" id="513" style="width: 105px; height: 107px;" alt="Flamenco, Spain" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/513_0ce45d906a7e804b79f685ab83b4ba36.png"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; ;'><strong>Flamenco dancing, <u>not easy</u> to do, is great to watch.</strong></span></p><p><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; ;'><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/4756_aedd7cea29be3a86434bce692c3b4181.jpg" rel="image_show"></a><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/5856_173f63ef1239942abdd7d4891f4f7609.jpg" rel="image_show"><img width="179" height="263" id="5857" style="width: 91px; height: 111px;" alt="business carde carte " src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/5856_173f63ef1239942abdd7d4891f4f7609.jpg"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; ;'><strong>Writing notes on someone's business card, <u>considered</u> impolite in Japanese culture, is quite acceptable in Europe.</strong></span><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/4756_aedd7cea29be3a86434bce692c3b4181.jpg" rel="image_show"></a></span></p><p><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/513_0ce45d906a7e804b79f685ab83b4ba36.png" rel="image_show"></a><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; ;'><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/4756_aedd7cea29be3a86434bce692c3b4181.jpg" rel="image_show"></a></span></p></html>
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