Both sides previous revision Previous revision Next revision Previous revision en:grammar:reported_speech:reported_speech [2017/02/10 10:35] – [Exception] kim en:grammar:reported_speech:reported_speech [2023/02/14 14:32] – external edit 127.0.0.1
======Reported speech ====== ====== Reported Speech ====== =====Introduction===== <html><p><a class="various" href="https ://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/38_e0e7f140051cbe692550159b010d7a72.jpg" rel="image_show"><img width="228" height="207" id="38" style="width : 193px; height : 169px;" alt="woman, London, Londres" src="https ://www.e -exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/38_e0e7f140051cbe692550159b010d7a72 .jpg"></a><strong><font face="arial"> She said (that) she <span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" >lived</span > in London.</font></strong><strong><br></strong></p></html> {{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :live -london .jpg?nolink&200|}} She said (that) she <color blue >lived</color > in London. =====Definition===== <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> When we tell someone what another person said earlier, we don' t usually repeat the direct speech that we heard. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> She said, " I live in London."</SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT : 115%; FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN><IMG style="WIDTH : 18px; HEIGHT : 18px" id=40 alt=Image src="http://www .e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg" height=30><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> She said (that) she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >lived</SPAN > in London.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT : 115%; FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> <IMG style="WIDTH : 18px; HEIGHT : 18px" id=39 alt=Image src="http://www .e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg" height=39></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "></SPAN><BR></html> ===== Definition and use ===== =====Construction===== <html><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "><STRONG> In reported speech, we use one tense back in time from the tense in the direct speech.</STRONG></SPAN><BR><BR> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt" Table border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white"> Direct speech</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white"> Reported [indirect] speech</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 28.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 28.25pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Present simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> I prefer coffee.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 28.25pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 28.25pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> She said she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >preferred</SPAN > coffee.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style=""> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Present continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> I' m reading a great book.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT : 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> He told me he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >was reading</SPAN > a great book.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> I went to Japan.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past perfect simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> She said she' <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >d been </SPAN >to Japan.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> We were watching TV.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past perfect continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> She said they' <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >d been watching </SPAN >TV.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 5"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Present perfect simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> I' ve finished the report.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past perfect simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> He told me he' <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >d finished </SPAN >the report.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 6"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Present perfect continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> I' ve been writing a report.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past perfect continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> He said he' <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >d been writing </SPAN >a report.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 7"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past perfect simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> I' d always wanted to go to Italy.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past perfect simple (no change)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> She said she' <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >d </SPAN >always<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" > wanted </SPAN >to go to Italy.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 8"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past perfect continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> I' d been discussing it with my </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> boss.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT : 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past perfect continuous (no change)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> He said he' <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >d been discussing </SPAN >it with his boss.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 9"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Future simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> I' ll email you.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD > <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Would + <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0"> bare infinitive</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; " >He told me he' <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >d</SPAN> <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"> email</SPAN > me.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 10"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Future continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> We' ll be visiting the new plant.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT : 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Would be + <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0" >present participle</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"></I></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></I></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; " >She said they' <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >d be visiting </SPAN >the new plant.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 11"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Going to</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> I' m going to buy a new car.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Was going to + <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0" >bare infinitive</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; " >He said he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >was going to</SPAN> <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"> buy</SPAN > a new car.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 12"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Present continuous for future</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> I' m having lunch with friends.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Past continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> She said <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >she was having</SPAN > lunch with friends.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 13"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Future perfect simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> I' ll have finished it by 4 o' clock.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Would have + past participle</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> She said she' <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >d have finished </SPAN >it by 4 o' clock.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 14; "> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Future perfect continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> By May, I' ll have been working here for two years. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Would have been + <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0" >present participle</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"></I></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></I></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; " >He said that by May, he' <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >d have been working </SPAN >here for two years.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></html> When we tell someone what another person said earlier, we don’ t usually repeat the direct speech that we heard. =====Exception ===== <html><p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt; text-indent : -21.3pt;"><b><span style='line-height : 115%; font-family : "Arial ","sans-serif";'>1) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;" > </span >It isn't necessary to change the tense if something is still true or relevant .</span></b><br></p> <p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='color : dimgray; line-height : 115%; font-family : "Arial ","sans-serif";'> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes </span ></span ></b ></p > <p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height : 19 .2pt;"><!-- ?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" /--> <table width=" 100% " cellspacing= "0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody > <tr> <td style="border: rgb(240, 240, 240); background- color: transparent;"> <div > <p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span style='line-height : 115%; font-family : "Arial ","sans-serif";' ></span ></b > <a class="various" href="https: //www .e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/589_94d8af8ee082563d1715ce55e63615a2.jpg" rel ="image_show"><img width ="281" height ="188" id ="589" style ="width: 164px; height: 122px;" alt ="couple eating speach bubble I" src ="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/589_94d8af8ee082563d1715ce55e63615a2.jpg" m ="" hungry' =""></a></p><p style ="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><br></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 19 .2pt;"><span style='color : rgb(42, 51, 51); font-family : "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size : 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family : "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;'> </span><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 16 .8pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style='color: rgb(42, 51, 51); font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'> </span><b><span style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> We' re having lunch early today because Philippe said he' <span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" >s</span > hungry. [still true]<span style="color: dimgray;"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> But </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> We went to lunch early yesterday because Philippe said he <span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" >was</span > hungry. [no longer true]</span></b></p> <p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height : 115%; font-family : "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> <img height="231" id="138" style="width: 114px; height: 157px;" alt="Image" src="http://www .e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/138_49873792f279ce4ca5cc20d35ee65274.jpg"> <strong><font face="arial"> They visited Paris and said it <span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" >is</span > a beautiful city.</font></strong></p><p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong><font face="Arial"><br></font></strong></p><p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Arial"><a class="various" href="https ://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/594_4751318d300a2d1f0028fad83a4d5c6d.jpg" rel="image_show"><img width="180" height="121" id="594" style="width : 142px; height: 99px;" alt=" meeting, smiling, people, sitting, standing, talking" src="https://www .e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/594_4751318d300a2d1f0028fad83a4d5c6d.jpg"></a> <img height="90" id="590" style="width: 199px; height: 98px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/590_e7dbe52078150861d914415b0e03420f.jpg"></font></p><font face="Arial"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> She said the next meeting <span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" >will</span > be on Thursday. [Before Thursday, this is still true.]</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> She said the next meeting<span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" > would</span > be on Thursday. [After Thursday. ]</span></b></p><p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height : 115%; font-family : "Arial","sans-serif";'><br></span></b></p></font><p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><a class="various" href="https://www .e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1579_f5f54e3f0093438e9b74c8f209e97e56.jpg" rel="image_show"><img width="1023" height="1024" id="1579" style="width: 131px; height: 149px;" alt="N2P2E1_5 hombre homme man phone cell mobile téléphone teléfono airport telephone" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1579_f5f54e3f0093438e9b74c8f209e97e56.jpg"></a> <img height="61" id="587" style="width: 262px; height: 106px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/587_836d15369683b03ff5f68d81d0081331.jpg"></p><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> Thierry phoned and told me that he'll be at the meeting this afternoon. He said he' <span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" >s just landed </span >and <span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" >he' s getting</span> </span></strong><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><b > a taxi straight here. </b></span><b></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b> </p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>However, it is still grammatically correct to change the tense if you want to and <span style=" color: red;" >you should always change the tense if you are taking an English test or exam.</span></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' >2) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> In most cases, we can omit ' that' .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> < /span> He told me (that) he was going to Korea. </span ></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21 .3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> < /span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> < /span> However, with some verbs, it is better to use ' that' . For example:< /span>< /b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> announce<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> doubt<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> imply</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> add<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> estimate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> argue</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> point out<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> complain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> mention< /span>< /b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> </p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>" The meeting will start at 10:00, and I expect everyone to be there."</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> He announced <u>that</u> the meeting <span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" >would</span > start at 10 and added <u>that</u> he <span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" >expected</span > everyone to be there.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>" Let' s wait until December.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> That' s always the best time to launch this kind of product."</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>" No. This time, we should do it in the summer."</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> He pointed out <u>that</u> December </span></b><b><span style=' color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' >was</span></b><b><span style=' color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' > always the best time to launch that kind of product, but she argued <u>that</u> it </span></b><b><span style=' color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' >would</span></b><b><span style=' color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b><b><span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' >be</span></b><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> better to do it in the summer.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>" I don' t think it will work."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> He doubted <u>that</u> it </span></b><b><span style=' color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' >would</span></b><b><span style=' color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' > work.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>" There were about 200 people at the conference."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> She estimated <u> that</u> there </span></b><b><span style=' color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' >had been</span></b><b><span style=' color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' > about 200 people at the conference.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>" The coffee is terrible here!"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> She complained </span></b><b><u><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>that</span></u></b><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> the coffee </span></b><b><span style=' color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' >was</span></b><b><span style=' color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' > terrible there.</span></b></p><p style ="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br></p><p style ="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br></p><table style ="margin: auto auto auto -5.1pt; border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" border ="0" cellspacing ="0" cellpadding ="0" table =""> <tbody> <tr style ="height: 96pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td width ="197" valign ="top" style="padding: 0cm 5 .4pt; border : rgb(240, 240, 240); width: 147.75pt; height: 96pt; background- color: transparent;" > <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: top;" ><br><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 10 .5pt; line -height: 16.8pt; vertical -align: top;" ><br ></p></td> <td width="356" valign="top" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; 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background- color: transparent;" > <div> < /div> </td >< /tr> </tbody >< /table> </v:shape >< /p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" >< /p><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"> </p ><table style="margin: auto auto auto -5 .1pt; border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" table=""> <tbody > <tr style="height: 96pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td width="197" valign="top" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border: rgb(240, 240, 240); width: 147.75pt; height: 96pt; background- color: transparent;" > <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 10 .5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: top;"> <span style=' color: dimgray; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' ><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span ></span><span style='background: rgb(204, 204, 204); color: rgb(34, 0, 193); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;' > </span ><p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style='color : dimgray; line-height : 115%; font-family : "Arial","sans-serif";'> < /span> </p ></td> <td width="356" valign="top" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border: rgb(240, 240, 240); width: 266.75pt; height: 96pt; background- color: transparent;" > <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 143 .1pt; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: top;"> <span style=' color: dimgray; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' > </span >< /p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45.95pt;" ><span style=' color: dimgray; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' > </span ></p > <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45 .95pt;"> <span style=' color: dimgray; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' > </span ></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45 .95pt;"> <span style=' color: dimgray; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' > </span ></p> <p style="margin : 0cm 0cm 0pt 45.95pt;"><span style='color : dimgray; line-height : 115%; font-family : "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span ></p ></td ></tr ></tbody ></table ></span> <p style="background: white; 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background- color: transparent;" > <div > <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;" ><b ><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' ></span ></b > </p ></div >< /td> </tr ></tbody ></table ></v:shape ></p > <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" ><span style=' color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";' ></p ></html > * She said, “ I live in London.” {{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :n .png?nolink&20|}} =====Modals ===== * She said (that) she <color blue >lived</color > in London. {{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :y .png?nolink&20|}} <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">We also need to change some modal verbs.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial' ,'sans-serif'; "><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 99 .34%; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5 .4pt 0cm 5 .4pt; mso-border-insideh : .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" Table border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="99%"> <TBODY> <TR style="HEIGHT: 11 .9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 49 .74%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5 .4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; HEIGHT: 11 .9pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="49%" colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial' ,'sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Direct speech</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 50 .26%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5 .4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; HEIGHT: 11 .9pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="50%"> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial' ,'sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Reported speech</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial' ,'sans-serif'; COLOR: white; ">< /SPAN>< /B>< /P>< /TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 26 .8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 37 .02%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5 .4pt; HEIGHT: 26 .8pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt : solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="37%"> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">can</SPAN> swim .</SPAN ></B ></P ></TD > <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 62 .98%; PADDING-RIGHT : 5.4pt; HEIGHT : 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP : #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT : windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="62%" colSpan=2 > <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style="" ><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; " >He said he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >could </SPAN > swim. </SPAN ></B ></P ></TD ></TR > <TR style="HEIGHT: 26.8pt; " > <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 37 .02%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5 .4pt; HEIGHT : 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP : #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT : #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP : 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="37%"> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B ><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; " >All visitors <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">must </SPAN > go to reception. </SPAN ></B ></P ></TD > <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt ; WIDTH: 62 .98%; PADDING-RIGHT : 5.4pt; HEIGHT : 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP : #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT : windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="62%" colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style="" ><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; " >They told us that all visitors <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">had to </SPAN > go to reception .</SPAN ></B ></P ></TD ></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 26 .8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 37 .02%; PADDING-RIGHT : 5.4pt; HEIGHT : 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP : #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT : #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="37%"> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B ><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">You <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >mustn't </SPAN > smoke in here. </SPAN ></B ></P ></TD > <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 62 .98%; PADDING-RIGHT : 5.4pt; HEIGHT : 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP : #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt : solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="62%" colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style="" ><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">We were told that we <SPAN style="COLOR : #0000cc">couldn't/weren't allowed </SPAN> <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >to</SPAN > smoke in there </SPAN ></B ></P ></TD ></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 26 .8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; "> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 37 .02%; PADDING-RIGHT : 5.4pt; HEIGHT : 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP : #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT : #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="37%"> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B ><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT : 115%; FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">What <SPAN style="COLOR : #0000cc">shall</SPAN> we do tonight ?</SPAN ></B ></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH : 62.98%; PADDING-RIGHT : 5.4pt; HEIGHT : 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP : #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="62%" colSpan=2> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> She asked what we <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc" >should </SPAN > do last night .</SPAN ></B ></P ></TD ></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT : #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR : transparent; BORDER-TOP : #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0" width=275> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0" width=94 ></TD > <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT : #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR : transparent; BORDER-TOP : #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0" width=373> </TD ></TR ></TBODY></TABLE> <P style ="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><SPAN style ="LINE-HEIGHT : 115%; FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "><SPAN style="mso-spacerun : yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style= "MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt " > <B style="" ><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">But some modals do not need to be changed <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal" > - </ I><EM><SPAN style="FONT-STYLE : normal; FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight : bold; mso-bidi-font-style : italic ">could , might, would, should, ought to, had better .</SPAN ></EM ></SPAN ></B ></P> <P style="MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt " ><B style= ""> <SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; " > </SPAN ></B ></P > <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt 35 .45pt " ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">"I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">might </SPAN>go to the party. "</SPAN></B></P> <P style= "LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35 .45pt " > <B style="" ><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN ></B ></P > <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She said she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">might </SPAN > go to the party. </SPAN ></B ></P ></html > =====Questions and requests===== ===== Construction ===== <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> When reporting questions and requests, we use the verb ' ask' . For yes/no questions, we need to add ' if/whether' .</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 462.1pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt" Table border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=616> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Direct speech</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Reported speech</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> What do you want for lunch?</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT : #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM : 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR : transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> She asked me what I wanted for lunch.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style=""> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Can I have a cheese sandwich, please? </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT : normal; MARGIN : 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY : 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> He asked for a cheese sandwich.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Where are you going on holiday?</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT : #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM : 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR : transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> He asked us where we were going on holiday.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Do you like tea?</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT : #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM : 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR : transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> He asked me if I liked tea.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 5"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Will you marry me?</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT : #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM : 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR : transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> He asked her to marry him.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 6"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Please don' t eat all the chocolate!</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT : #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM : 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR : transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> She asked me not to eat all the chocolate.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; ; mso-row-margin-right: 4.15pt"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> Are you going to the party?</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM : #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT : #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM : 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR : transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5 .4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 229.9pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=307> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> He asked whether I was going to the party.</SPAN></B></P></TD> </TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></P></html> In reported speech, we use one tense back in time from the tense in the direct speech. ^ Direct speech ^^ Reported [indirect] speech ^ | Present simple\\ I prefer coffee.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Past simple\\ She said she <color blue >preferred</color > coffee.| | Present continuous\\ I’ m reading a great book.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Past continuous\\ He told me he <color blue >was reading</color > a great book.| | Past simple\\ I went to Japan.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Past perfect simple\\ She said she <color blue >had been/had gone </color > to Japan.| | Past continuous\\ We were watching TV.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Past perfect continuous\\ She said they’ <color blue >d been watching</color > TV.| | Present perfect simple\\ I’ ve finished the report.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Past perfect simple\\ He told me he’ <color blue >d finished</color > the report.| | Present perfect continuous\\ I’ ve been writing a report.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Past perfect continuous\\ He said he’ <color blue >d been writing</color > a report.| | Past perfect simple\\ I’ d always wanted to go to Italy.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Past perfect simple (no change)\\ She said she’ <color blue >d</color > always <color blue >wanted</color > to go to Italy.| | Past perfect continuous\\ I’ d been discussing it with my boss.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Past perfect continuous (no change)\\ He said he’ <color blue >d been discussing</color > it with his boss.| | Future simple\\ I’ ll email you.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}|Would <color violet >+ bare infinitive</color >\\ He told me he’ <color blue >d email</color > me.| | Future continuous\\ We’ ll be visiting the new plant.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Would be <color violet >+ present participle</color >\\ She said they’ <color blue >d be visiting</color > the new plant.| | Going to\\ I’ m going to buy a new car.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Was going to <color violet >+ bare infinitive</color >\\ He said he <color blue >was going to buy</color > a new car.| | Present continuous for future\\ I’ m having lunch with friends.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Past continuous\\ She said <color blue >she was having</color > lunch with friends.| | Future perfect simple\\ I’ ll have finished it by 4 o’ clock.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Would have + past participle\\ She said she’ <color blue >d have finished</color > it by 4 o’ clock.| | Future perfect continuous\\ By May, I’ ll have been working here for two years.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| Would have been <color violet >+ present participle</color >\\ He said that by May, he’ <color blue >d have been working</color > here for two years.| ===== Examples ===== | {{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :bored.jpg?nolink&100 |}} | "I’m bored today. " | Jenny said she <color blue >was </color > bored yesterday . | | {{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :increasing.jpg?nolink&100 |}}| "Sales figures are increasing. " | She told us that sales figures <color blue >were </color > increas <color blue >ing </color >. | | {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech :forgot .jpg ?nolink& 100 |}} | "Oh no! I forgot about the meeting! " | He told me he’ <color blue >d forgotten </ color> about the meeting. | | {{ :en :grammar :reported_speech:bob.jpg?nolink&100 |}} | "I was discussing this with Bob yesterday and we were thinking about making some changes. " | She told us she’<color blue >d been discussing </color > it with Bob the day before and they’d <color blue >been thinking </color> about making some changes . | ===== Note that ===== 1) It isn’t necessary to change the tense if something is still true or relevant . {{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :hungry .png?nolink &200 |}} * We’ re having lunch early today because Philippe said he’ <color blue >s</color > hungry. [still true] * But * We went to lunch early yesterday because Philippe said he <color blue >was</color > hungry. [no longer true] {{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :paris .png?nolink &300 |}} * They visited Paris and said it <color blue >is</color > a beautiful city. {{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :meeting.png?nolink &400 |}} * She said the next meeting <color blue >will</color > be on Thursday. [Before Thursday, this is still true.] * She said the next meeting <color blue >would</color > be on Thursday. [After Thursday] {{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :isabelle .png?nolink &400 |}} * Thierry phoned and told me that he'<color blue> ll be</color> at the meeting this afternoon. He said he’ <color blue >s</color> just <color blue> landed</color > and he’ <color blue >s getting</color > a taxi straight here. ** <color red>But you should always change the tense if you are taking an English test or exam.</color >** 2) In most cases, we can omit ‘ that’ .// He told me (that) he <color blue> was going</color > to Korea .// However, with some verbs, it is better to use ‘ that’ . For example: //announce | doubt | imply | add | estimate | argue | point out | complain | mention. // * “ The meeting will start at 10:00, and I expect everyone to be there.” * He announced __that__ the meeting <color blue >would</color > start at 10 and added __that__ he <color blue >expected</color > everyone to be there. * “ Let’ s wait until December. That’ s always the best time to launch this kind of product.” * “ No. This time, we should do it in the summer.” * He pointed out __that__ December <color blue >was</color> always the best time to launch that kind of product, but she argued __that__ it <color blue >would</color> be better to do it in the summer. * “ I don’ t think it will work.” * He doubted __that__ it <color blue >would</color> work. * “ There were about 200 people at the conference.” * She estimated that there <color blue >had been</color> about 200 people at the conference. * “ The coffee is terrible here!” * She complained __that__ the coffee <color blue >was</color> terrible there. ===== Other changes ===== __Sometimes__ we need to make other changes . For example : “We have to do it < color blue >now </color >.” ** -->** They said they had to do it <color blue >immediately </color>. But __not always__ : * 28th September : “We‘ll meet again <color blue >next month. </color >” * 29th September: Louise said that we’ll /we’d meet again <color blue >next month </color >. * 1st October: Louise said we’ll /we’d meet again <color blue >this month </color >. * November : Louise said we’d meet again <color blue >last month </color >. * Later than October : Louise said that we’d meet again <color blue >the following month </color >. ^ Direct speech ^^ Reported speech ^ |now|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|immediately| |today|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|that day| |yesterday|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|the day before/the previous day| |the day before yesterday|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|two days before| |last week/month/year|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|the week /month /year before or the previous week /month/year| |tomorrow|{{ :en :grammar:reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|the next/following day| |the day after tomorrow|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|in two days’ time/two days later| |next week/month/year|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink &40 |}}|the following week /month /year| |ago|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|before| |this week /month/year|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|that week /month/year| |this/these (adjective)|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink &40 |}}|the /a/this/these/that /those – depending on the situation| |here|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink &40 |}}|here /there – depending on the situation | |It is for <color blue >me </color >.\\ It is <color blue >my </color > pen.\\ It is <color blue >mine </color >.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}|He /she said it was for <color blue >him /her </color >.\\ He /she said it was <color blue >his /her </color > pen.\\ He /she said it was <color blue >his /hers </color >.| |It is for <color blue >you </ color>.\\ It is <color blue >your </color > pen.\\ It is <color blue >yours </color >.|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink &40 |}}|He /she said it was for <color blue >me </color>.\\ He/she said it was <color blue >my </color > pen.\\ He /she said it was <color blue >mine </ color>.| |It is for <color blue >us </color >.\\ It is <color blue >our </color > car .\\ It is <color blue >ours </color >|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink &40 |}}|They said it was for <color blue >them </color >.\\ They said it was <color blue >their </color > car.\\ They said it was <color blue >theirs </color >.| ===== Modals ===== We also need to change some modal verbs. ^Direct speech^Reported speech^ |I <color blue >can </color > swim.|He said he <color blue >could </color > swim.| |All visitors <color blue >must </color > go to reception.|They told us that all visitors <color blue >had to </color > go to reception.| |You <color blue >mustn’t </color > smoke in here.|We were told that we <color blue >couldn’t /weren’t allowed to </color > smoke in there| |What <color blue >shall </color > we do tonight?|She asked what we <color blue >should </color > do last night.| But some modals do not need to be changed – could, might, would, should, ought to, had better. “I <color blue >might </ color> go to the party.” She said she <color blue >might </color > go to the party. ===== Other reporting verbs ===== Usually we use ‘said’ or ‘told’ to report speech but lots of other reporting verbs are possible . It is often better to use these , especially if you are reporting a long conversation, because it becomes boring if you continue to repeat ‘said’ or ‘told’ together with all the words spoken . **Note that** we need to use the correct form of the verb that follows the reporting verb . There are several possibilities . Here are some examples : |accuse someone| ...of doing something| |admit, deny| ...doing something| |admit, agree, explain, imply, mention| ...that someone had done something| |apologise , blame someone, forgive someone| ...for doing something| |agree, decide, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten| ...(not) to do something| |decide , explain , remember, wonder|...how /when /where /what /which to do (it)| |advise, ask, allow, expect, forbid, persuade, remind, tell| ...someone to do something| |suggest| ...I/we etc . do it| ^Direct speech^^Reported speech^ |It was Anne who ate the last biscuit!|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue >accused </color > Anne <color blue >of eating </color > the last biscuit .| |Yes, it’s true . I ate it!|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Anne <color blue >admitted </color > eat <color blue >ing </color > it.\\ Anne <color blue >admitted </color > that she’ <color blue >d eaten </color > it.\\ Anne <color blue >didn’t deny </color > eat <color blue >ing </color > it .| |I’m sorry . I won’t do it again .|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue >apologised </color > ( <color blue >for </color > do <color blue >ing </color > it) and <color blue >promised not to </color > do it again .| |That’s OK ; don’t worry .|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|They forgave her ( <color blue >for </color > eat <color blue >ing </color > the biscuit).| |You should go to the doctor.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue >advised </color > me <color blue >to </color > go to the doctor .| |OK . We’ll have the meeting today .|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|They <color blue >agreed to </color > have the meeting that day.| |It’s your fault we missed the flight!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue >blamed </color > me </color blue >for </color > miss <color blue >ing </color > the flight .| |First you attach these two parts and then you press this button .|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue >explained how to </color > do it.| |If you apply for this job, you’ll earn more money and you’ll be happier.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue >persuaded me to</color > apply for the job.\\ [But – she <color blue >dissuaded me from </color > apply <color blue >ing </color >...]| |I’m not working on Saturday!|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue >refused to </color > work on Saturday.| |Don’t forget to make that phone call. |{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech:fleche.jpg ?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue >reminded me to </color > make the phone call .| |Why don’t you phone him?\\ Shall we go to the cinema?|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink&40 |}}| She <color blue >suggested I </color > phone him .\\ She <color blue >suggested </color > (go <color blue >ing </color > to) the cinema.| |If you don’t move your car, I’ll call the police!|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue >threatened to </color > call the police if I didn’t move my car.| |Make sure you don’t fall asleep in the meeting again!|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue >warned me not to </color > fall asleep in the meeting again.| === == Examples ===== |{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech:advise.jpg?nolink &200 |}}|_ "I don’t think you should buy that one – it’s not a good colour for you. "|My friend <color blue >advised me not to</color > buy the red dress that I liked.| |{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :threatened.png?nolink&200 |}}|_ "If your grades don’t improve in the next few weeks , I will have to speak to speak to your parents ."|Her teacher <color blue >threatened to </color > talk to her parents if her grades <color blue >didn’t </color > improve in the following few weeks.| |{{ :en:grammar :reported_speech:phone.jpg?nolink&200 |}}|_ "Let’s have lunch on Monday. "|Malcolm <color blue >suggested </color > hav <color blue >ing </color > lunch on Monday.| |{{ :undefined :burger-jpg .jpg?nolink&200 |}}|_ "We have to eat burgers because you burned the steak! "\\ _ "It wasn’t me. It was Steve ."|James <color blue >accused </color > Dave <color blue >of </color > burn <color blue >ing </color > the steaks but Dave <color blue >denied </color > it and <color blue >blamed </color > Steve.| ===== Questions and requests ===== When reporting questions and requests, we use the verb ‘ ask’ . For yes/no questions, we need to add ‘ if/whether’ . ^^^^ | What do you want for lunch?|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| She asked me what I wanted for lunch.| | Can I have a cheese sandwich, please? |{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| He asked for a cheese sandwich.| | Where are you going on holiday?|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| He asked us where we were going on holiday.| | Do you like tea?|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| He asked me if I liked tea.| | Will you marry me?|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| He asked her to marry him.| | Please don’ t eat all the chocolate!|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| She asked me not to eat all the chocolate.| | Are you going to the party?|{{ :en :grammar :reported_speech :fleche .jpg?nolink &40 |}}| He asked whether I was going to the party.|