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| en:grammar:reported_speech:reported_speech [2017/10/04 14:03] – [Exception] kim | en:grammar:reported_speech:reported_speech [2023/02/14 14:32] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 |
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| ======Reported speech====== | ====== Reported Speech ====== |
| =====Introduction===== | |
| <html><p><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/38_e0e7f140051cbe692550159b010d7a72.jpg" rel="image_show"><img width="228" height="207" id="38" style="width: 193px; height: 169px;" alt="woman, London, Londres" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/38_e0e7f140051cbe692550159b010d7a72.jpg"></a><strong><font face="arial">She said (that) she <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">lived</span> in London.</font></strong><strong><br></strong></p></html> | {{:en:grammar:reported_speech:live-london.jpg?nolink&200|}}She said (that) she <color blue>lived</color> in London. |
| =====Definition===== | |
| <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">When we tell someone what another person said earlier, we don't usually repeat the direct speech that we heard. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She said, "I live in London."</SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN><IMG style="WIDTH: 18px; HEIGHT: 18px" id=40 alt=Image src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg" height=30><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She said (that) she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">lived</SPAN> in London.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> <IMG style="WIDTH: 18px; HEIGHT: 18px" id=39 alt=Image src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg" height=39></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "></SPAN><BR></html> | ===== Definition and use ===== |
| =====Construction===== | |
| <html><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "><STRONG>In reported speech, we use one tense back in time from the tense in the direct speech.</STRONG></SPAN><BR><BR> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt" Table border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Direct speech</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Reported [indirect] speech</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 28.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 28.25pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Present simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I prefer coffee.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 28.25pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 28.25pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She said she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">preferred</SPAN> coffee.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style=""> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Present continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I'm reading a great book.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He told me he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">was reading</SPAN> a great book.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I went to Japan.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past perfect simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She said she'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d been </SPAN>to Japan.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">We were watching TV.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past perfect continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She said they'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d been watching </SPAN>TV.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 5"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Present perfect simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I've finished the report.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past perfect simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He told me he'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d finished </SPAN>the report.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 6"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Present perfect continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I've been writing a report.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past perfect continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He said he'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d been writing </SPAN>a report.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 7"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past perfect simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I'd always wanted to go to Italy.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past perfect simple (no change)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She said she'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d </SPAN>always<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"> wanted </SPAN>to go to Italy.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 8"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past perfect continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I'd been discussing it with my </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">boss.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past perfect continuous (no change)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He said he'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d been discussing </SPAN>it with his boss.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 9"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Future simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I'll email you.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Would + <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0">bare infinitive</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He told me he'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d</SPAN> <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">email</SPAN> me.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 10"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Future continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">We'll be visiting the new plant.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Would be + <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0">present participle</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"></I></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></I></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She said they'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d be visiting </SPAN>the new plant.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 11"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Going to</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I'm going to buy a new car.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Was going to + <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0">bare infinitive</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He said he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">was going to</SPAN> <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">buy</SPAN> a new car.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 12"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Present continuous for future</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I'm having lunch with friends.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Past continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She said <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">she was having</SPAN> lunch with friends.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 13"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Future perfect simple</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I'll have finished it by 4 o'clock.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Would have + past participle</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She said she'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d have finished </SPAN>it by 4 o'clock.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 14; "> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Future perfect continuous</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">By May, I'll have been working here for two years. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.8pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=58> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 236.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=316> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Would have been + <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0">present participle</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"></I></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></I></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He said that by May, he'<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">d have been working </SPAN>here for two years.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></html> | When we tell someone what another person said earlier, we don’t usually repeat the direct speech that we heard. |
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| <html><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It isn't necessary to change the tense if something is still true or relevant.</span></b><br></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='color: dimgray; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes </span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><!--?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" /--> <table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: rgb(240, 240, 240); background-color: transparent;"> <div> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> <a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/589_94d8af8ee082563d1715ce55e63615a2.jpg" rel="image_show"><img width="281" height="188" id="589" style="width: 164px; height: 122px;" alt="couple eating speach bubble I" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/589_94d8af8ee082563d1715ce55e63615a2.jpg" m="" hungry'=""></a></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><br></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><span style='color: rgb(42, 51, 51); font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;'> </span><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style='color: rgb(42, 51, 51); font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'> </span><b><span style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We're having lunch early today because Philippe said he'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">s</span> hungry. [still true]<span style="color: dimgray;"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>But </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We went to lunch early yesterday because Philippe said he <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">was</span> hungry. [no longer true]</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> <img height="231" id="138" style="width: 114px; height: 157px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/138_49873792f279ce4ca5cc20d35ee65274.jpg"> <strong><font face="arial">They visited Paris and said it <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">is</span> a beautiful city.</font></strong></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong><font face="Arial"><br></font></strong></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Arial"><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/594_4751318d300a2d1f0028fad83a4d5c6d.jpg" rel="image_show"><img width="180" height="121" id="594" style="width: 142px; height: 99px;" alt="meeting, smiling, people, sitting, standing, talking" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/594_4751318d300a2d1f0028fad83a4d5c6d.jpg"></a> <img height="90" id="590" style="width: 199px; height: 98px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/590_e7dbe52078150861d914415b0e03420f.jpg"></font></p><font face="Arial"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She said the next meeting <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">will</span> be on Thursday. [Before Thursday, this is still true.]</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She said the next meeting<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> would</span> be on Thursday. [After Thursday.]</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><br></span></b></p></font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1579_f5f54e3f0093438e9b74c8f209e97e56.jpg" rel="image_show"><img width="1023" height="1024" id="1579" style="width: 131px; height: 149px;" alt="N2P2E1_5 hombre homme man phone cell mobile téléphone teléfono airport telephone" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1579_f5f54e3f0093438e9b74c8f209e97e56.jpg"></a> <img height="61" id="587" style="width: 262px; height: 106px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/587_836d15369683b03ff5f68d81d0081331.jpg"></p><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Thierry phoned and told me that he'll be at the meeting this afternoon. He said he'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">s just landed </span>and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">he's getting</span> </span></strong><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><b> a taxi straight here. </b></span><b></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b> </p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>However, it is still grammatically correct to change the tense if you want to and <span style="color: red;">you should always change the tense if you are taking an English test or exam.</span></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>2) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In most cases, we can omit 'that'.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He told me (that) he was going to Korea.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However, with some verbs, it is better to use 'that'. For example:</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>announce<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>doubt<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>imply</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>add<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>estimate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>argue</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>point out<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>complain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mention</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> </p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"The meeting will start at 10:00, and I expect everyone to be there."</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He announced <u>that</u> the meeting <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">would</span> start at 10 and added <u>that</u> he <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">expected</span> everyone to be there.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"Let's wait until December.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That's always the best time to launch this kind of product."</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"No. This time, we should do it in the summer."</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He pointed out <u>that</u> December </span></b><b><span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>was</span></b><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> always the best time to launch that kind of product, but she argued <u>that</u> it </span></b><b><span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>would</span></b><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b><b><span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>be</span></b><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> better to do it in the summer.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"I don't think it will work."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He doubted <u>that</u> it </span></b><b><span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>would</span></b><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> work.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"There were about 200 people at the conference."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She estimated <u>that</u> there </span></b><b><span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>had been</span></b><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> about 200 people at the conference.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"The coffee is terrible here!"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She complained </span></b><b><u><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>that</span></u></b><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> the coffee </span></b><b><span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>was</span></b><b><span style='color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> terrible there.</span></b> </html> | * She said, “I live in London.” {{:en:grammar:reported_speech:n.png?nolink&20|}} |
| =====Modals===== | * She said (that) she <color blue>lived</color> in London. {{:en:grammar:reported_speech:y.png?nolink&20|}} |
| <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">We also need to change some modal verbs.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 99.34%; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" Table border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="99%"> <TBODY> <TR style="HEIGHT: 11.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 49.74%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; HEIGHT: 11.9pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="49%" colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Direct speech</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 50.26%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; HEIGHT: 11.9pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="50%"> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Reported speech</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white; "></SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 26.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 37.02%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="37%"> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">can</SPAN> swim.</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 62.98%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="62%" colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He said he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">could</SPAN> swim.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 26.8pt; "> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 37.02%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="37%"> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">All visitors <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">must</SPAN> go to reception.</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 62.98%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="62%" colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">They told us that all visitors <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">had to</SPAN> go to reception.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 26.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 37.02%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="37%"> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">You <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">mustn't</SPAN> smoke in here.</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 62.98%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="62%" colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">We were told that we <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">couldn't/weren't allowed</SPAN> <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">to</SPAN> smoke in there</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 26.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; "> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 37.02%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="37%"> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">What <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">shall</SPAN> we do tonight?</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 62.98%; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; HEIGHT: 26.8pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width="62%" colSpan=2> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She asked what we <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">should</SPAN> do last night.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0" width=275></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0" width=94></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0" width=373></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">But some modals do not need to be changed<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> - </I><EM><SPAN style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">could, might, would, should, ought to, had better.</SPAN></EM></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">"I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">might </SPAN>go to the party."</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She said she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">might</SPAN> go to the party.</SPAN></B></P></html> | |
| =====Questions and requests===== | ===== Construction ===== |
| <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">When reporting questions and requests, we use the verb 'ask'. For yes/no questions, we need to add 'if/whether'.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 462.1pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt" Table border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=616> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Direct speech</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Reported speech</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">What do you want for lunch?</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She asked me what I wanted for lunch.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style=""> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Can I have a cheese sandwich, please? </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He asked for a cheese sandwich.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Where are you going on holiday?</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He asked us where we were going on holiday.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Do you like tea?</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He asked me if I liked tea.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 5"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Will you marry me?</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He asked her to marry him.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 6"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Please don't eat all the chocolate!</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 234.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=312 colSpan=2> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She asked me not to eat all the chocolate.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; ; mso-row-margin-right: 4.15pt"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 181.35pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=242> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Are you going to the party?</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 46.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=62> </TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 229.9pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=307> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">He asked whether I was going to the party.</SPAN></B></P></TD> </TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></P></html> | |
| | In reported speech, we use one tense back in time from the tense in the direct speech. |
| | |
| | ^ Direct speech ^^ Reported [indirect] speech ^ |
| | |Present simple\\ I prefer coffee.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past simple\\ She said she <color blue>preferred</color> coffee.| |
| | |Present continuous\\ I’m reading a great book.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past continuous\\ He told me he <color blue>was reading</color> a great book.| |
| | |Past simple\\ I went to Japan.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect simple\\ She said she <color blue>had been/had gone</color> to Japan.| |
| | |Past continuous\\ We were watching TV.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect continuous\\ She said they’<color blue>d been watching</color> TV.| |
| | |Present perfect simple\\ I’ve finished the report.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect simple\\ He told me he’<color blue>d finished</color> the report.| |
| | |Present perfect continuous\\ I’ve been writing a report.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect continuous\\ He said he’<color blue>d been writing</color> a report.| |
| | |Past perfect simple\\ I’d always wanted to go to Italy.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect simple (no change)\\ She said she’<color blue>d</color> always <color blue>wanted</color> to go to Italy.| |
| | |Past perfect continuous\\ I’d been discussing it with my boss.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect continuous (no change)\\ He said he’<color blue>d been discussing</color> it with his boss.| |
| | |Future simple\\ I’ll email you.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would <color violet>+ bare infinitive</color>\\ He told me he’<color blue>d email</color> me.| |
| | |Future continuous\\ We’ll be visiting the new plant.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would be <color violet>+ present participle</color>\\ She said they’<color blue>d be visiting</color> the new plant.| |
| | |Going to\\ I’m going to buy a new car.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Was going to <color violet>+ bare infinitive</color>\\ He said he <color blue>was going to buy</color> a new car.| |
| | |Present continuous for future\\ I’m having lunch with friends.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past continuous\\ She said <color blue>she was having</color> lunch with friends.| |
| | |Future perfect simple\\ I’ll have finished it by 4 o’clock.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would have + past participle\\ She said she’<color blue>d have finished</color> it by 4 o’clock.| |
| | |Future perfect continuous\\ By May, I’ll have been working here for two years.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would have been <color violet>+ present participle</color>\\ He said that by May, he’<color blue>d have been working</color> here for two years.| |
| | |
| | ===== Examples ===== |
| | |
| | | {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:bored.jpg?nolink&100 |}} | "I’m bored today." | Jenny said she <color blue>was</color> bored yesterday. | |
| | | {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:increasing.jpg?nolink&100 |}}| "Sales figures are increasing." | She told us that sales figures <color blue>were</color> increas<color blue>ing</color>. | |
| | | {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:forgot.jpg?nolink&100 |}} | "Oh no! I forgot about the meeting!" | He told me he’<color blue>d forgotten</color> about the meeting. | |
| | | {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:bob.jpg?nolink&100 |}} | "I was discussing this with Bob yesterday and we were thinking about making some changes." | She told us she’<color blue>d been discussing</color> it with Bob the day before and they’d <color blue>been thinking</color> about making some changes. | |
| | |
| | ===== Note that ===== |
| | |
| | 1) It isn’t necessary to change the tense if something is still true or relevant. |
| | {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:hungry.png?nolink&200 |}} |
| | * We’re having lunch early today because Philippe said he’<color blue>s</color> hungry. [still true] |
| | * But |
| | * We went to lunch early yesterday because Philippe said he <color blue>was</color> hungry. [no longer true] |
| | |
| | {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:paris.png?nolink&300 |}} |
| | * They visited Paris and said it <color blue>is</color> a beautiful city. |
| | |
| | {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:meeting.png?nolink&400 |}} |
| | * She said the next meeting <color blue>will</color> be on Thursday. [Before Thursday, this is still true.] |
| | * She said the next meeting <color blue>would</color> be on Thursday. [After Thursday] |
| | |
| | {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:isabelle.png?nolink&400 |}} |
| | * Thierry phoned and told me that he'<color blue>ll be</color> at the meeting this afternoon. He said he’<color blue>s</color> just <color blue>landed</color> and he’<color blue>s getting</color> a taxi straight here. |
| | |
| | **<color red>But you should always change the tense if you are taking an English test or exam.</color>** |
| | |
| | 2) In most cases, we can omit ‘that’.// He told me (that) he <color blue>was going</color> to Korea.// |
| | |
| | However, with some verbs, it is better to use ‘that’. For example: //announce | doubt | imply |add | estimate | argue | point out | complain | mention.// |
| | |
| | * “The meeting will start at 10:00, and I expect everyone to be there.” |
| | * He announced __that__ the meeting <color blue>would</color> start at 10 and added __that__ he <color blue>expected</color> everyone to be there. |
| | * “Let’s wait until December. That’s always the best time to launch this kind of product.” |
| | * “No. This time, we should do it in the summer.” |
| | * He pointed out __that__ December <color blue>was</color> always the best time to launch that kind of product, but she argued __that__ it <color blue>would</color> be better to do it in the summer. |
| | * “I don’t think it will work.” |
| | * He doubted __that__ it <color blue>would</color> work. |
| | * “There were about 200 people at the conference.” |
| | * She estimated that there <color blue>had been</color> about 200 people at the conference. |
| | * “The coffee is terrible here!” |
| | * She complained __that__ the coffee <color blue>was</color> terrible there. |
| | |
| | ===== Other changes ===== |
| | |
| | __Sometimes__ we need to make other changes. For example: |
| | |
| | “We have to do it <color blue>now</color>.” **-->** They said they had to do it <color blue>immediately</color>. |
| | |
| | But __not always__: |
| | |
| | * 28th September: “We‘ll meet again <color blue>next month.</color>” |
| | * 29th September: Louise said that we’ll/we’d meet again <color blue>next month</color>. |
| | * 1st October: Louise said we’ll/we’d meet again <color blue>this month</color>. |
| | * November: Louise said we’d meet again <color blue>last month</color>. |
| | * Later than October: Louise said that we’d meet again <color blue>the following month</color>. |
| | |
| | ^ Direct speech ^^ Reported speech ^ |
| | |now|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|immediately| |
| | |today|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|that day| |
| | |yesterday|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|the day before/the previous day| |
| | |the day before yesterday|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|two days before| |
| | |last week/month/year|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|the week/month/year before or the previous week/month/year| |
| | |tomorrow|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|the next/following day| |
| | |the day after tomorrow|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|in two days’ time/two days later| |
| | |next week/month/year|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|the following week/month/year| |
| | |ago|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|before| |
| | |this week/month/year|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|that week/month/year| |
| | |this/these (adjective)|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|the/a/this/these/that/those – depending on the situation| |
| | |here|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|here/there – depending on the situation | |
| | |It is for <color blue>me</color>.\\ It is <color blue>my</color> pen.\\ It is <color blue>mine</color>.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He/she said it was for <color blue>him/her</color>.\\ He/she said it was <color blue>his/her</color> pen.\\ He/she said it was <color blue>his/hers</color>.| |
| | |It is for <color blue>you</color>.\\ It is <color blue>your</color> pen.\\ It is <color blue>yours</color>.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He/she said it was for <color blue>me</color>.\\ He/she said it was <color blue>my</color> pen.\\ He/she said it was <color blue>mine</color>.| |
| | |It is for <color blue>us</color>.\\ It is <color blue>our</color> car.\\ It is <color blue>ours</color>|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|They said it was for <color blue>them</color>.\\ They said it was <color blue>their</color> car.\\ They said it was <color blue>theirs</color>.| |
| | |
| | ===== Modals ===== |
| | |
| | We also need to change some modal verbs. |
| | |
| | ^Direct speech^Reported speech^ |
| | |I <color blue>can</color> swim.|He said he <color blue>could</color> swim.| |
| | |All visitors <color blue>must</color> go to reception.|They told us that all visitors <color blue>had to</color> go to reception.| |
| | |You <color blue>mustn’t</color> smoke in here.|We were told that we <color blue>couldn’t/weren’t allowed to</color> smoke in there| |
| | |What <color blue>shall</color> we do tonight?|She asked what we <color blue>should</color> do last night.| |
| | |
| | But some modals do not need to be changed – could, might, would, should, ought to, had better. |
| | |
| | “I <color blue>might</color> go to the party.” |
| | She said she <color blue>might</color> go to the party. |
| | |
| | ===== Other reporting verbs ===== |
| | |
| | Usually we use ‘said’ or ‘told’ to report speech but lots of other reporting verbs are possible. It is often better to use these, especially if you are reporting a long conversation, because it becomes boring if you continue to repeat ‘said’ or ‘told’ together with all the words spoken. |
| | |
| | **Note that** we need to use the correct form of the verb that follows the reporting verb. There are several possibilities. Here are some examples: |
| | |
| | |accuse someone|...of doing something| |
| | |admit, deny|...doing something| |
| | |admit, agree, explain, imply, mention|...that someone had done something| |
| | |apologise, blame someone, forgive someone|...for doing something| |
| | |agree, decide, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten|...(not) to do something| |
| | |decide, explain, remember, wonder|...how/when/where/what/which to do (it)| |
| | |advise, ask, allow, expect, forbid, persuade, remind, tell|...someone to do something| |
| | |suggest|...I/we etc. do it| |
| | |
| | ^Direct speech^^Reported speech^ |
| | |It was Anne who ate the last biscuit!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>accused</color> Anne <color blue>of eating</color> the last biscuit.| |
| | |Yes, it’s true. I ate it!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Anne <color blue>admitted</color> eat<color blue>ing</color> it.\\ Anne <color blue>admitted</color> that she’<color blue>d eaten</color> it.\\ Anne <color blue>didn’t deny</color> eat<color blue>ing</color> it.| |
| | |I’m sorry. I won’t do it again.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>apologised</color> (<color blue>for</color> do<color blue>ing</color> it) and <color blue>promised not to</color> do it again.| |
| | |That’s OK; don’t worry.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|They forgave her (<color blue>for</color> eat<color blue>ing</color> the biscuit).| |
| | |You should go to the doctor.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue>advised</color> me <color blue>to</color> go to the doctor.| |
| | |OK. We’ll have the meeting today.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|They <color blue>agreed to</color> have the meeting that day.| |
| | |It’s your fault we missed the flight!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue>blamed</color> me </color blue>for</color> miss<color blue>ing</color> the flight.| |
| | |First you attach these two parts and then you press this button.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue>explained how to</color> do it.| |
| | |If you apply for this job, you’ll earn more money and you’ll be happier.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>persuaded me to</color> apply for the job.\\ [But – she <color blue>dissuaded me from</color> apply<color blue>ing</color>...]| |
| | |I’m not working on Saturday!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue>refused to</color> work on Saturday.| |
| | |Don’t forget to make that phone call. |{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>reminded me to</color> make the phone call.| |
| | |Why don’t you phone him?\\ Shall we go to the cinema?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>suggested I</color> phone him.\\ She <color blue>suggested</color> (go<color blue>ing</color> to) the cinema.| |
| | |If you don’t move your car, I’ll call the police!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue>threatened to</color> call the police if I didn’t move my car.| |
| | |Make sure you don’t fall asleep in the meeting again!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>warned me not to</color> fall asleep in the meeting again.| |
| | |
| | ===== Examples ===== |
| | |
| | |{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:advise.jpg?nolink&200 |}}|_"I don’t think you should buy that one – it’s not a good colour for you."|My friend <color blue>advised me not to</color> buy the red dress that I liked.| |
| | |{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:threatened.png?nolink&200 |}}|_"If your grades don’t improve in the next few weeks, I will have to speak to speak to your parents."|Her teacher <color blue>threatened to</color> talk to her parents if her grades <color blue>didn’t</color> improve in the following few weeks.| |
| | |{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:phone.jpg?nolink&200 |}}|_"Let’s have lunch on Monday."|Malcolm <color blue>suggested</color> hav<color blue>ing</color> lunch on Monday.| |
| | |{{ :undefined:burger-jpg.jpg?nolink&200 |}}|_"We have to eat burgers because you burned the steak!"\\ _"It wasn’t me. It was Steve."|James <color blue>accused</color> Dave <color blue>of</color> burn<color blue>ing</color> the steaks but Dave <color blue>denied</color> it and <color blue>blamed</color> Steve.| |
| | |
| | ===== Questions and requests ===== |
| | |
| | When reporting questions and requests, we use the verb ‘ask’. For yes/no questions, we need to add ‘if/whether’. |
| | |
| | ^^^^ |
| | |What do you want for lunch?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She asked me what I wanted for lunch.| |
| | |Can I have a cheese sandwich, please? |{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He asked for a cheese sandwich.| |
| | |Where are you going on holiday?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He asked us where we were going on holiday.| |
| | |Do you like tea?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He asked me if I liked tea.| |
| | |Will you marry me?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He asked her to marry him.| |
| | |Please don’t eat all the chocolate!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She asked me not to eat all the chocolate.| |
| | |Are you going to the party?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He asked whether I was going to the party.| |