{{:en:grammar:reported_speech:live-london.jpg?nolink&200|}}She said (that) she lived in London.
+
{{:en:grammar:reported_speech:live-london.jpg?nolink&200|}}She said (that) she <color blue>lived</color> in London.
===== Definition and use =====
===== Definition and use =====
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Line 8:
* She said, “I live in London.” {{:en:grammar:reported_speech:n.png?nolink&20|}}
* She said, “I live in London.” {{:en:grammar:reported_speech:n.png?nolink&20|}}
-
* She said (that) she lived in London. {{:en:grammar:reported_speech:y.png?nolink&20|}}
+
* She said (that) she <color blue>lived</color> in London. {{:en:grammar:reported_speech:y.png?nolink&20|}}
===== Construction =====
===== Construction =====
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^ Direct speech ^^ Reported [indirect] speech ^
^ Direct speech ^^ Reported [indirect] speech ^
-
|Present simple\\ I prefer coffee.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past simple\\ She said she preferred coffee.|
+
|Present simple\\ I prefer coffee.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past simple\\ She said she <color blue>preferred</color> coffee.|
-
|Present continuous\\ I’m reading a great book.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past continuous\\ He told me he was reading a great book.|
+
|Present continuous\\ I’m reading a great book.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past continuous\\ He told me he <color blue>was reading</color> a great book.|
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|Past simple\\ I went to Japan.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect simple\\ She said she’d been to Japan.|
+
|Past simple\\ I went to Japan.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect simple\\ She said she <color blue>had been/had gone</color> to Japan.|
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|Past continuous\\ We were watching TV.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect continuous\\ She said they’d been watching TV.|
+
|Past continuous\\ We were watching TV.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect continuous\\ She said they’<color blue>d been watching</color> TV.|
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|Present perfect simple\\ I’ve finished the report.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect simple\\ He told me he’d finished the report.|
+
|Present perfect simple\\ I’ve finished the report.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect simple\\ He told me he’<color blue>d finished</color> the report.|
-
|Present perfect continuous\\ I’ve been writing a report.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect continuous\\ He said he’d been writing a report.|
+
|Present perfect continuous\\ I’ve been writing a report.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect continuous\\ He said he’<color blue>d been writing</color> a report.|
-
|Past perfect simple\\ I’d always wanted to go to Italy.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect simple (no change)\\ She said she’d always wanted to go to Italy.|
+
|Past perfect simple\\ I’d always wanted to go to Italy.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect simple (no change)\\ She said she’<color blue>d</color> always <color blue>wanted</color> to go to Italy.|
-
|Past perfect continuous\\ I’d been discussing it with my boss.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect continuous (no change)\\ He said he’d been discussing it with his boss.|
+
|Past perfect continuous\\ I’d been discussing it with my boss.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past perfect continuous (no change)\\ He said he’<color blue>d been discussing</color> it with his boss.|
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|Future simple\\ I’ll email you.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would + bare infinitive\\ He told me he’d email me.|
+
|Future simple\\ I’ll email you.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would <color violet>+ bare infinitive</color>\\ He told me he’<color blue>d email</color> me.|
-
|Future continuous\\ We’ll be visiting the new plant.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would be + present participle\\ She said they’d be visiting the new plant.|
+
|Future continuous\\ We’ll be visiting the new plant.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would be <color violet>+ present participle</color>\\ She said they’<color blue>d be visiting</color> the new plant.|
-
|Going to\\ I’m going to buy a new car.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Was going to + bare infinitive\\ He said he was going to buy a new car.|
+
|Going to\\ I’m going to buy a new car.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Was going to <color violet>+ bare infinitive</color>\\ He said he <color blue>was going to buy</color> a new car.|
-
|Present continuous for future\\ I’m having lunch with friends.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past continuous\\ She said she was having lunch with friends.|
+
|Present continuous for future\\ I’m having lunch with friends.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Past continuous\\ She said <color blue>she was having</color> lunch with friends.|
-
|Future perfect simple\\ I’ll have finished it by 4 o’clock.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would have + past participle\\ She said she’d have finished it by 4 o’clock.|
+
|Future perfect simple\\ I’ll have finished it by 4 o’clock.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would have + past participle\\ She said she’<color blue>d have finished</color> it by 4 o’clock.|
-
|Future perfect continuous\\ By May, I’ll have been working here for two years.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would have been + present participle\\ He said that by May, he’d have been working here for two years.|
+
|Future perfect continuous\\ By May, I’ll have been working here for two years.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Would have been <color violet>+ present participle</color>\\ He said that by May, he’<color blue>d have been working</color> here for two years.|
===== Examples =====
===== Examples =====
-
| {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:bored.jpg?nolink&100 |}} | "I’m bored today." | Jenny said she was bored yesterday. |
+
| {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:bored.jpg?nolink&100 |}} | "I’m bored today." | Jenny said she <color blue>was</color> bored yesterday. |
-
| {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:increasing.jpg?nolink&100 |}}| "Sales figures are increasing." | She told us that sales figures were increasing. |
+
| {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:increasing.jpg?nolink&100 |}}| "Sales figures are increasing." | She told us that sales figures <color blue>were</color> increas<color blue>ing</color>. |
-
| {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:forgot.jpg?nolink&100 |}} | "Oh no! I forgot about the meeting!" | He told me he’d forgotten about the meeting. |
+
| {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:forgot.jpg?nolink&100 |}} | "Oh no! I forgot about the meeting!" | He told me he’<color blue>d forgotten</color> about the meeting. |
-
| {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:bob.jpg?nolink&100 |}} | "I was discussing this with Bob yesterday and we were thinking about making some changes." | She told us she’d been discussing it with Bob the day before and they’d been thinking about making some changes. |
+
| {{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:bob.jpg?nolink&100 |}} | "I was discussing this with Bob yesterday and we were thinking about making some changes." | She told us she’<color blue>d been discussing</color> it with Bob the day before and they’d <color blue>been thinking</color> about making some changes. |
===== Note that =====
===== Note that =====
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Line 41:
1) It isn’t necessary to change the tense if something is still true or relevant.
1) It isn’t necessary to change the tense if something is still true or relevant.
* Thierry phoned and told me that he'll be at the meeting this afternoon. He said he’s just landed and he’s getting a taxi straight here.
+
* Thierry phoned and told me that he'<color blue>ll be</color> at the meeting this afternoon. He said he’<color blue>s</color> just <color blue>landed</color> and he’<color blue>s getting</color> a taxi straight here.
**<color red>But you should always change the tense if you are taking an English test or exam.</color>**
**<color red>But you should always change the tense if you are taking an English test or exam.</color>**
-
2) In most cases, we can omit ‘that’.// He told me (that) he was going to Korea.//
+
2) In most cases, we can omit ‘that’.// He told me (that) he <color blue>was going</color> to Korea.//
However, with some verbs, it is better to use ‘that’. For example: //announce | doubt | imply |add | estimate | argue | point out | complain | mention.//
However, with some verbs, it is better to use ‘that’. For example: //announce | doubt | imply |add | estimate | argue | point out | complain | mention.//
* “The meeting will start at 10:00, and I expect everyone to be there.”
* “The meeting will start at 10:00, and I expect everyone to be there.”
-
* He announced that the meeting would start at 10 and added that he expected everyone to be there.
+
* He announced __that__ the meeting <color blue>would</color> start at 10 and added __that__ he <color blue>expected</color> everyone to be there.
* “Let’s wait until December. That’s always the best time to launch this kind of product.”
* “Let’s wait until December. That’s always the best time to launch this kind of product.”
* “No. This time, we should do it in the summer.”
* “No. This time, we should do it in the summer.”
-
* He pointed out that December was always the best time to launch that kind of product, but she argued that it would be better to do it in the summer.
+
* He pointed out __that__ December <color blue>was</color> always the best time to launch that kind of product, but she argued __that__ it <color blue>would</color> be better to do it in the summer.
* “I don’t think it will work.”
* “I don’t think it will work.”
-
* He doubted that it would work.
+
* He doubted __that__ it <color blue>would</color> work.
* “There were about 200 people at the conference.”
* “There were about 200 people at the conference.”
-
* She estimated that there had been about 200 people at the conference.
+
* She estimated that there <color blue>had been</color> about 200 people at the conference.
* “The coffee is terrible here!”
* “The coffee is terrible here!”
-
* She complained that the coffee was terrible there.
+
* She complained __that__ the coffee <color blue>was</color> terrible there.
===== Other changes =====
===== Other changes =====
Line 77:
Line 77:
__Sometimes__ we need to make other changes. For example:
__Sometimes__ we need to make other changes. For example:
-
“We have to do it now.” **-->** They said they had to do it immediately.
+
“We have to do it <color blue>now</color>.” **-->** They said they had to do it <color blue>immediately</color>.
But __not always__:
But __not always__:
-
* 28th September: “We‘ll meet again next month.”
+
* 28th September: “We‘ll meet again <color blue>next month.</color>”
-
* 29th September: Louise said that we’ll/we’d meet again next month.
+
* 29th September: Louise said that we’ll/we’d meet again <color blue>next month</color>.
-
* 1st October: Louise said we’ll/we’d meet again this month.
+
* 1st October: Louise said we’ll/we’d meet again <color blue>this month</color>.
-
* November: Louise said we’d meet again last month.
+
* November: Louise said we’d meet again <color blue>last month</color>.
-
* Later than October: Louise said that we’d meet again the following month.
+
* Later than October: Louise said that we’d meet again <color blue>the following month</color>.
^ Direct speech ^^ Reported speech ^
^ Direct speech ^^ Reported speech ^
Line 100:
Line 100:
|this/these (adjective)|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|the/a/this/these/that/those – depending on the situation|
|this/these (adjective)|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|the/a/this/these/that/those – depending on the situation|
|here|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|here/there – depending on the situation |
|here|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|here/there – depending on the situation |
-
|It is for me.\\ It is my pen.\\ It is mine.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He/she said it was for him/her.\\ He/she said it was his/her pen.\\ He/she said it was his/hers.|
+
|It is for <color blue>me</color>.\\ It is <color blue>my</color> pen.\\ It is <color blue>mine</color>.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He/she said it was for <color blue>him/her</color>.\\ He/she said it was <color blue>his/her</color> pen.\\ He/she said it was <color blue>his/hers</color>.|
-
|It is for you.\\ It is your pen.\\ It is yours.| He/she said it was for me.\\ He/she said it was my pen.\\ He/she said it was mine.|
+
|It is for <color blue>you</color>.\\ It is <color blue>your</color> pen.\\ It is <color blue>yours</color>.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He/she said it was for <color blue>me</color>.\\ He/she said it was <color blue>my</color> pen.\\ He/she said it was <color blue>mine</color>.|
-
|It is for us.\\ It is our car.\\ It is ours|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|They said it was for them.\\ They said it was their car.\\ They said it was theirs.|
+
|It is for <color blue>us</color>.\\ It is <color blue>our</color> car.\\ It is <color blue>ours</color>|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|They said it was for <color blue>them</color>.\\ They said it was <color blue>their</color> car.\\ They said it was <color blue>theirs</color>.|
===== Modals =====
===== Modals =====
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Line 109:
^Direct speech^Reported speech^
^Direct speech^Reported speech^
-
|I can swim.|He said he could swim.|
+
|I <color blue>can</color> swim.|He said he <color blue>could</color> swim.|
-
|All visitors must go to reception.|They told us that all visitors had to go to reception.|
+
|All visitors <color blue>must</color> go to reception.|They told us that all visitors <color blue>had to</color> go to reception.|
-
|You mustn’t smoke in here.|We were told that we couldn’t/weren’t allowed to smoke in there|
+
|You <color blue>mustn’t</color> smoke in here.|We were told that we <color blue>couldn’t/weren’t allowed to</color> smoke in there|
-
|What shall we do tonight?|She asked what we should do last night.|
+
|What <color blue>shall</color> we do tonight?|She asked what we <color blue>should</color> do last night.|
But some modals do not need to be changed – could, might, would, should, ought to, had better.
But some modals do not need to be changed – could, might, would, should, ought to, had better.
-
“I might go to the party.”
+
“I <color blue>might</color> go to the party.”
-
She said she might go to the party.
+
She said she <color blue>might</color> go to the party.
===== Other reporting verbs =====
===== Other reporting verbs =====
Line 133:
Line 133:
|advise, ask, allow, expect, forbid, persuade, remind, tell|...someone to do something|
|advise, ask, allow, expect, forbid, persuade, remind, tell|...someone to do something|
|suggest|...I/we etc. do it|
|suggest|...I/we etc. do it|
+
+
^Direct speech^^Reported speech^
+
|It was Anne who ate the last biscuit!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>accused</color> Anne <color blue>of eating</color> the last biscuit.|
+
|Yes, it’s true. I ate it!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|Anne <color blue>admitted</color> eat<color blue>ing</color> it.\\ Anne <color blue>admitted</color> that she’<color blue>d eaten</color> it.\\ Anne <color blue>didn’t deny</color> eat<color blue>ing</color> it.|
+
|I’m sorry. I won’t do it again.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>apologised</color> (<color blue>for</color> do<color blue>ing</color> it) and <color blue>promised not to</color> do it again.|
+
|That’s OK; don’t worry.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|They forgave her (<color blue>for</color> eat<color blue>ing</color> the biscuit).|
+
|You should go to the doctor.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue>advised</color> me <color blue>to</color> go to the doctor.|
+
|OK. We’ll have the meeting today.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|They <color blue>agreed to</color> have the meeting that day.|
+
|It’s your fault we missed the flight!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue>blamed</color> me </color blue>for</color> miss<color blue>ing</color> the flight.|
+
|First you attach these two parts and then you press this button.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue>explained how to</color> do it.|
+
|If you apply for this job, you’ll earn more money and you’ll be happier.|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>persuaded me to</color> apply for the job.\\ [But – she <color blue>dissuaded me from</color> apply<color blue>ing</color>...]|
+
|I’m not working on Saturday!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue>refused to</color> work on Saturday.|
+
|Don’t forget to make that phone call. |{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>reminded me to</color> make the phone call.|
+
|Why don’t you phone him?\\ Shall we go to the cinema?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>suggested I</color> phone him.\\ She <color blue>suggested</color> (go<color blue>ing</color> to) the cinema.|
+
|If you don’t move your car, I’ll call the police!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He <color blue>threatened to</color> call the police if I didn’t move my car.|
+
|Make sure you don’t fall asleep in the meeting again!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She <color blue>warned me not to</color> fall asleep in the meeting again.|
+
+
===== Examples =====
+
+
|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:advise.jpg?nolink&200 |}}|_"I don’t think you should buy that one – it’s not a good colour for you."|My friend <color blue>advised me not to</color> buy the red dress that I liked.|
+
|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:threatened.png?nolink&200 |}}|_"If your grades don’t improve in the next few weeks, I will have to speak to speak to your parents."|Her teacher <color blue>threatened to</color> talk to her parents if her grades <color blue>didn’t</color> improve in the following few weeks.|
+
|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:phone.jpg?nolink&200 |}}|_"Let’s have lunch on Monday."|Malcolm <color blue>suggested</color> hav<color blue>ing</color> lunch on Monday.|
+
|{{ :undefined:burger-jpg.jpg?nolink&200 |}}|_"We have to eat burgers because you burned the steak!"\\ _"It wasn’t me. It was Steve."|James <color blue>accused</color> Dave <color blue>of</color> burn<color blue>ing</color> the steaks but Dave <color blue>denied</color> it and <color blue>blamed</color> Steve.|
+
+
===== Questions and requests =====
+
+
When reporting questions and requests, we use the verb ‘ask’. For yes/no questions, we need to add ‘if/whether’.
^^^^
^^^^
-
||||
+
|What do you want for lunch?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She asked me what I wanted for lunch.|
-
||||
+
|Can I have a cheese sandwich, please? |{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He asked for a cheese sandwich.|
-
||||
+
|Where are you going on holiday?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He asked us where we were going on holiday.|
-
||||
+
|Do you like tea?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He asked me if I liked tea.|
-
||||
+
|Will you marry me?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He asked her to marry him.|
-
||||
+
|Please don’t eat all the chocolate!|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|She asked me not to eat all the chocolate.|
-
||||
+
|Are you going to the party?|{{ :en:grammar:reported_speech:fleche.jpg?nolink&40 |}}|He asked whether I was going to the party.|