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Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong. ======Verbs and expressions: further information====== ========== <html><p><img id="2275" style="width: 150px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/2275_699d97bfab913bb6bcf27fde2954e456.jpg"> <b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The situation has started<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> improving </span>so we intend <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">employ</span> more staff.</span></b></p> <b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b><p><br><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Some verbs can be followed only by the gerund or infinitive. </span></b></p><p><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>A few others can be followed by both with no difference in meaning. For example:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p> <table style="border: currentColor; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" table=""> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td width="83" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td> <td width="265" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7cm;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Gerund</span></b></p></td> <td width="291" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.25pt;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Infinitive</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td width="83" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>begin</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>continue</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>intend</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>start</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(112, 173, 71); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td> <td width="265" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7cm; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We'll begin <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">working </span>on this next week.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>They continued <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">discussing</span> it.<span style="color: red;"></span></span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We intend <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">writing</span> a detailed report.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She started <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">writing</span> the report.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td> <td width="291" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.25pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We'll begin <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to work </span>on this next week.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>They continued <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to discuss </span>it.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We intend <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to write </span>a detailed report.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She started <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to write </span>the report.</span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>With these verbs it doesn't matter which one we choose but we do not use gerunds with continuous tenses:<span style="color: rgb(112, 173, 71);"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(112, 173, 71); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It's starting raining. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="149" id="40" style="width: 17px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> It's s</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>tarting <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to rain</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He's been intending fixing that for weeks. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="149" id="40" style="width: 17px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He's been intending <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to fix </span>that for weeks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="112" id="39" style="width: 18px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span></p><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>And: </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She agreed to continue <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">working</span> in this team.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>sounds better than <span style="color: rgb(112, 173, 71);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>She agreed <u>to</u> continue <u><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to</span></u><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> work </span>in this team.</span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p> </p><p><img height="119" id="540" style="width: 134px; height: 102px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/540_99576b1a3b28ca0b779a9641eb694b93.jpg"> <span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'><strong>They stopped <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">painting</span> the walls <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to have </span>a break.</strong></span></p><p><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Some verbs can take either the gerund or infinitive with a difference in meaning. </span></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><table style="border: currentColor; border-image: none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" table=""><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"><td width="83" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Verb</span></b></p></td><td width="255" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Meaning</span></b></p></td><td width="300" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.3pt;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Examples</span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td width="83" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>dread</span></b></p></td><td width="255" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>'Dread' means to anticipate something with worry or fear. It is usually used with the gerund.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>In the present simple, it can also be followed by the infinitive of verbs such as 'think' or 'consider' to mean that we're so worried that we don't even want to think about it.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td><td width="300" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.3pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I dread <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">going</span> to work every Monday.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I always dreaded <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">having</span> lunch with him.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I dread <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to consider </span>what will happen when he finds out!</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I dread <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to think </span>how she'll react.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(112, 173, 71); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td width="83" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>like</span></b></p></td><td width="255" valign="top" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-image: none; width: 191.4pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>With the gerund, the focus is on enjoying an activity or having fun.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The infinitive can also be used to talk about enjoyment but it has another purpose - because it's the right or the most suitable thing - there is a sense of some benefit.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td><td width="300" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; border-style: none solid none none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.3pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I like<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> sitting </span>in my garden in the evening.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">swimming</span>.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to swim </span>every Friday. [this is the best time for me]</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to go </span>to the dentist once a year. [because it's good for my health]</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I don't like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to call </span>colleagues at the weekend.</span></b> </p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td width="83" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>regret</span></b></p></td><td width="255" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>'Regret' is commonly followed by the gerund; it means to feel unhappy about something that happened in the past and maybe wish it hadn't happened.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>In formal English, we use the present simple form of 'regret' + verbs such as 'inform', 'tell', 'say' and 'announce' to mean that we are sorry we have to give this information.</span></b></p></td><td width="300" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.3pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I regret <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">taking</span> this job.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She regretted <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">getting</span> married so young.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><br></span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I regret <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to inform </span>you<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span>that your application for the post of supervisor has not been successful.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We regret <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to announce </span>the cancellation of the 09.52 train to London Victoria.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td width="83" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>remember</span></b></p></td><td width="255" valign="top" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-image: none; width: 191.4pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We use the gerund to talk about the memory of doing something.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We often use this structure to reminisce. </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><br></span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We also use it to confirm or question whether something happened.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We use the infinitive to mean that we did or didn't forget to do something that had to be done or to remind someone to do something.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td><td width="300" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; border-style: none solid none none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.3pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I remember <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">walking</span> to school when I was a child.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Do you remember <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">swimming</span> in that lake?</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I remember <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">discussing</span> it but I don't remember <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">receiving </span>confirmation - I'll check. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>[maybe I received confirmation] </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I remembered <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to email </span>him.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Remember <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to call </span>him this afternoon, won't you?</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td width="83" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>forget</span></b></p></td><td width="255" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We use the gerund to talk about the memory of doing something but not in the same way as 'remember'. e.g. 'I sometimes forget that I've fed the cat and I give him more food' or 'I forgot I'd already emailed him.'</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We use the infinitive to mean that we didn't do something that had to be done or to remind someone to do something.<span style="color: red;"></span></span></b></p></td><td width="300" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.3pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'll never forget <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">seeing</span> the sea for the first time.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>How could you forget<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> meeting </span>him? - it was only last week!</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><br></span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I forgot <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to email </span>him.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Don't forget <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to call </span>him this afternoon, will you?</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td width="83" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>stop</span></b></p></td><td width="255" valign="top" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-image: none; width: 191.4pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>With the gerund, it means to end an activity.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The infinitive is used with the meaning 'in order to'. It suggests that a previous activity is stopped in order to start something different.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><br></span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The previous activity may or may not be mentioned.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>For this reason, it's possible to have a gerund and an infinitive together in the same sentence. </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(112, 173, 71); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td><td width="300" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; border-style: none solid none none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.3pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He stopped <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">smoking</span> when he was thirty.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She never stops <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">talking</span> about him.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Shall we stop <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">working</span> on this for now?</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We were walking down the High Street and stopped <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to buy </span>a newspaper. </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We stopped (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">preparing </span>the presentation) <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to focus</span> on the report.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>They stopped <u><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">working</span></u><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> <u>to have</u> </span>a coffee.</span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td width="83" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>try</span></b></p></td><td width="255" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>With the gerund, there is a suggestion of experimenting with one or more activity, sometimes in order to achieve something else later.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>It's sometimes used to give advice.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>When we use the infinitive, 'try' means 'attempt' - we may or may not succeed in doing what we 'try to do'.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>[You might hear the gerund used for 'attempts' e.g. "I can knit scarves but I'm going to try knitting a jumper next" but, if in doubt, follow the rules.]</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>This difference can be confusing because both are about achieving something but 'try' + infinitive is used to talk about a final hoped-for result whereas 'try' + gerund is used to talk about methods used in order to achieve a final result.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td><td width="300" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.3pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>After leaving university, she tried <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">teaching</span> and then journalism but wasn't happy with either of these.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>If you're having trouble sleeping, try <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">having </span>hot milk at bedtime and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">avoiding</span> caffeine.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She tried <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to get </span>a job in a big IT company but she didn't have enough experience. [She failed to get the job.]</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'm going to try <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to finish</span> this report by the end of the week. [I may or may not succeed.]</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We tried <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to boost </span>sales of our product and we succeeded.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We wanted to boost sales so we tried <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">advertising</span> on TV and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">giving</span> bulk discounts - we found these successful.</span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></html> =====Verbs to express feelings===== <html><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>When we talk about enjoying something or having fun, we are more likely to use a gerund:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I (don't) enjoy <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">working</span> for this company. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="112" id="39" style="width: 18px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I (don't) enjoy to work for this company. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="149" id="40" style="width: 17px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <table style="border: currentColor; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" table=""> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td width="73" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Verb</span></b></p></td> <td width="227" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6cm;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Meaning</span></b></p></td> <td width="338" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 253.65pt;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Examples</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td width="73" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>like<span style="color: red;"></span></span></b></p></td> <td width="227" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6cm; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>With the gerund, the focus is on enjoying an activity or having fun.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The infinitive is also possible for talking about enjoyment but the gerund is more commonly used.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>However, the infinitive has another purpose - to talk about something we do or aim to do because it's the right or the most suitable thing - there is a sense of some benefit.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td> <td width="338" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 253.65pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">swimming</span>.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I like<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> relaxing </span>in my garden. </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>What do you like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to do </span>at weekends?</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to see </span>my friends and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">go</span> to a restaurant.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to swim </span>every Friday. [This is the best time for me.]</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to go </span>to the dentist once a year. [Because it's good for my health.]</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to check </span>my emails before I start any other work.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I don't like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to call </span>colleagues at the weekend.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td width="73" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>love<span style="color: red;"></span></span></b></p></td> <td width="227" valign="top" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border: rgb(240, 240, 240); width: 6cm; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The gerund is much more common.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(255, 0, 102); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(255, 0, 102); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>There is often extra information with the infinitive.<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 102);"></span></span></b></p></td> <td width="338" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; border-style: none solid none none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 253.65pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I love <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">going</span> to the theatre.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I love <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">walking</span>.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I love <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to go </span>to the theatre at Christmas.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I love <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to walk </span>in the rain.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td width="73" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>hate<span style="color: red;"></span></span></b></p></td> <td width="227" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6cm; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>However, we also use the infinitive with 'I' for another purpose - to express regret about something we have to do now or soon.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>And, conversationally, with verbs such as 'think' or 'consider' - <a name="_GoBack"></a>'hate' has the meaning of 'dread'.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td> <td width="338" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 253.65pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I hate <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to bother </span>you but can I borrow a pen?</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I hate <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to interrupt </span>their meeting but I need to speak to Bill urgently.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I hate<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> to think </span>what will happen when he finds out!</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td width="73" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>prefer<span style="color: red;"></span></span></b></p></td> <td width="227" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6cm; background-color: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt;"> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We use the gerund to make a general, universal statement. It can refer to activities we enjoy or any other preference. </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The infinitive is also possible for general statements but can be used in specific situations too:</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(112, 48, 160); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td> <td width="338" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 253.65pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt;"> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I prefer <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">walking</span> to driving. </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I prefer <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">working</span> in a team.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"We can walk or get the bus." <span style="color: rgb(112, 173, 71);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"I prefer <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to walk</span>."</span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"Shall we do this now or later?"</span></b></p> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>"I'd prefer <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to wait</span>."</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td width="73" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>can't bear/ stand<span style="color: rgb(112, 173, 71);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td> <td width="227" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6cm; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The gerund is more likely to be used for general statements than the infinitive.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The infinitive is possible for general statements but is more likely to be used to express a strong reluctance to do something now or soon.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td> <td width="338" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 253.65pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I can't bear <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">living</span> alone.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He can't stand <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">working</span> with her.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>[Watching a horror film] I can't bear <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to look </span>- tell me when this scene's finished!</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He can't bear <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to tell </span>her the news so I'm going to speak to her instead.</span></b></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(112, 173, 71); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Note that </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>when we ask questions about what people like doing, we are unlikely to use one of the stronger verbs but prefer the more neutral 'like':</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Do you love going to concerts? </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="149" id="40" style="width: 17px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Do you like <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">going</span> to concerts? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="112" id="39" style="width: 18px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Can't you stand working from home? </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="149" id="40" style="width: 17px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Don't you like working from home?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="112" id="39" style="width: 18px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Unless we use a question tag to confirm what we already believe:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>You hate <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">getting </span>up<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span>early, don't you? </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> </p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><strong><br></strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><strong>Similar expressions with different meanings</strong></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> </p><table style="border: currentColor; border-image: none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" table=""><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"><td width="130" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Expression</span></b></p></td><td width="208" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Meaning</span></b></p></td><td width="300" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.3pt;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Examples</span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td width="130" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>to be keen on + gerund </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>to be keen + infinitive</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td><td width="208" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>to like or enjoy doing</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>[often used in the negative]</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>to be enthusiastic about a potential future activity</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>[similar to 'look forward to' but less certain that it will happen'] </span></b></p></td><td width="300" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.3pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'm not keen on <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">gardening</span>.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Bill's not keen on <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">sharing</span> an office with Tim. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>[They're sharing an office and Bill doesn't like it.]</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Jo's keen <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to share </span>an office with Jill. [Jo would really like to share an office with Jill.]</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>He's keen <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to learn </span>a new language.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She's keen <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to visit </span>us in the summer.</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td width="130" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>to be afraid of + gerund</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>to be afraid + infinitive</span></b></p></td><td width="208" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>to have a fear of an activity - used for general, universal statements</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>to be afraid or reluctant to do something </span></b></p></td><td width="300" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.3pt; background-color: transparent;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My sister's afraid of flying. </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'm afraid of giving my boss bad news. [always]</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'm afraid <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to tell </span>him the news - he'll be really angry. [a specific situation]</span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'd like to apply for the job but I'm afraid <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">to try</span>.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></html> =====Need===== <html><P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; BACKGROUND: white; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">In the passive, 'need' can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive with the same meaning:</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; BACKGROUND: white; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=1 Table> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">This office needs <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">cleaning</SPAN> every morning.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">This computer will need <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">replacing</SPAN> soon.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">The seminar needed <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">organising</SPAN> better than that.</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">This office needs <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">to be </SPAN>cleaned every morning.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">This computer will need <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">to be </SPAN>replaced soon.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">The seminar needed <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">to be </SPAN>organised better than that.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; BACKGROUND: white; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P></html> =====Expressions with gerunds===== <html><P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; BACKGROUND: white; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Some expressions, including several with 'have', take a gerund. For example:</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; BACKGROUND: white; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=1 Table> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #5b9bd5 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND: #5b9bd5; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #5b9bd5 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 203.85pt" vAlign=top width=272> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #5b9bd5 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #5b9bd5 1pt solid; BACKGROUND: #5b9bd5; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 274.95pt" vAlign=top width=367> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Expression + gerund</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #5b9bd5 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BORDER-BOTTOM: #5b9bd5 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #5b9bd5 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 203.85pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" vAlign=top width=272> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">To have a problem/problems/no problem</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">To have difficulty/no difficulty</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">To have a good/great/lovely time etc.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">To spend time</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">To waste time</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">To look forward to</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">To be/get used to</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #5b9bd5 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #5b9bd5 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #5b9bd5 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 274.95pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" vAlign=top width=367> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">We had problems <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">installing</SPAN> the new desks.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">I had no problem <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">finding</SPAN> a hotel.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">I had difficulty <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">connecting</SPAN> to the conference.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">We had a great time <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">skiing</SPAN> in the Alps.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">We spent all day <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">interviewing</SPAN> candidates.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">I spend most of my free time <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">cycling</SPAN> or <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">playing</SPAN> tennis.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Don't waste time <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">explaining</SPAN> to him - he never listens.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">I'm looking forward to <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">working</SPAN> with the new boss.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">I was nervous at first but I'm getting used to <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">giving</SPAN> presentations now.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; BACKGROUND: white; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; BACKGROUND: white; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><br><br></html> =====Gerunds as nouns with possessives===== <html><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Gerunds, because they are <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">nouns</span>, can be used with possessives: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(112, 173, 71); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><br></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The audience loved <u>Paul's</u> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">acting</span> - he gave a great performance.<span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"> </span></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>It is possible to use a </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(112, 48, 160); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>possessive adjective</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> or an </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(112, 48, 160); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>object pronoun</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> - it depends whether the focus is on the subject or the activity. Sometimes, there is very little difference: </span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She objected to <u>his</u> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>smoking </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>in the house<span style="color: black;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[emphasis on the 'smoking'] </span><span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"></span></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She objected to <u>him</u> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>smoking</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> in the house. [slight emphasis on the person discussed]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><br></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>But the following sentence is clearly about the person - the speaker may have no objection to smoking generally but isn't happy that her son is doing it.</span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My son is only 16 and I don't like <u>him</u> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>smoking</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>. </span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><br></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>And in this situation, the focus is so clearly on the person that the use of a possessive is incorrect:</span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I saw his smoking in the office. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="149" id="40" style="width: 18px; height: 13px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I saw him <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">smoking</span> in the office. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="111" id="39" style="width: 20px; height: 17px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The possessive is also incorrect when t<span style="color: black;">he noun is plural, collective or abstract:</span></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><br></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>William was surprised by his </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>colleagues' buying <span style="color: black;">him a gift. </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="149" id="40" style="width: 18px; height: 13px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>William was surprised by his <u>colleagues</u> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>buying</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> him a gift. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="111" id="39" style="width: 20px; height: 17px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The crowd's getting bigger and bigger was quite frightening. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="149" id="40" style="width: 18px; height: 13px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The <u>crowd</u> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">getting</span> bigger and bigger was quite frightening.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;'> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="111" id="39" style="width: 20px; height: 17px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>It's a question of quality's being more important than price. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="149" id="40" style="width: 18px; height: 13px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>It's a question of <u>quality</u> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">being</span> more important than price. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="111" id="39" style="width: 20px; height: 17px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><br></p></html> [[en:grammar:home|{{ :file_-_back_3_.png?150 }}]]