Show pageOld revisionsBacklinksExport to PDFBack to top This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong. ======Relative pronouns: further information ====== ========== <html> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>For the definition, construction, uses and general information about <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span>,<span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span>, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose, whom </span>and<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> where, </span>see other rules. Here is some further information:</span></b></p> <br></html> =====Omission of relative pronoun===== <html> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>In some <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">defining relative clauses</span>, it is possible to omit <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span>, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span> or <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>The client (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>) we met in London is coming to see us next week. </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>This is because 'the client' is the <u>object</u> of the verb 'met' and the <u>subject</u> of the verb 'is coming'. Here are some more examples:</span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='color: rgb(0, 176, 80); font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>These are the boots (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>) I wear for hiking.</span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>These are the people (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>) I met at the conference. </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>This is the report (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>) I wrote after the conference.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>The pictures (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>) they showed us at the presentation were really interesting.</span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>In the following, we cannot omit the relative pronoun because 'My sister' is the subject of the verb 'lives'. </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span><strong><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <font face="arial" size="2"> </font></span><font face="arial" size="2">My sister<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span><u>who</u> lives in Paris is an architect. </font></strong><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg" rel="image_show"><font face="arial" size="2"><img width="38" height="29" id="39" style="width: 19px; height: 16px;" alt="green check mark, tick mark" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></font></a></span></p><font face="arial" size="2"> </font><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><strong><font face="arial" size="2">My sister<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span><s>who</s> lives in Paris is an architect.</font> </strong><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><strong> </strong><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg" rel="image_show"><img width="36" height="37" id="40" style="width: 14px; height: 13px;" alt="red x, red cross" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></a><strong> </strong></span></span></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Similarly:</span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span><strong><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <font face="arial" size="2"> </font></span><font face="arial" size="2">I'm looking forward to meeting the client <u>who</u> is coming next week.</font> </strong><img width="38" height="29" id="39" style="width: 19px; height: 16px;" alt="green check mark, tick mark" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'><strong><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I'm looking forward to meeting the client is coming next week. </strong><img width="36" height="37" id="40" style="width: 14px; height: 13px;" alt="red x, red cross" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'><br></span></p></html> =====Prepositions with relative pronouns ===== <html> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Some English speakers believe that we should never end a sentence or a clause with a preposition. Instead, they place the preposition before <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span>, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span> or <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span>.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>For example:</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is a company <u>in</u> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span><span style="color: red;"> </span>many talented people work.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It's an organisation <u>to</u> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span> seminars <span style="color: black;">people from around the world are invited</span>.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: black; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Although this structure is acceptable in formal, written English, it sounds unnatural in conversation:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(244, 176, 131); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <table style="border: currentColor; border-image: none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td width="399" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt 0px 0px 1pt; border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;'>Too formal in conversation</span></b></p> </td> <td width="399" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt 1pt 0px 0px; border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;'>Preferred </span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td width="399" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border-image: none; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>The friends <u>with whom</u> we went on holiday are coming to dinner next week. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> </td> <td width="399" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border-image: none; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>The friends we went on holiday <u>with</u> are coming to dinner next week. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td width="399" valign="top" style="border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border-image: none; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br></span></span></u></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>To whom</span></u></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> does this bag belong? </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> </td> <td width="399" valign="top" style="border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; border-style: none solid none none; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border-image: none; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Who</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> does this bag belong <u>to</u>? </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td width="399" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border-image: none; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Can you remember that Greek restaurant <u>to which</u> we went last year? </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> </td> <td width="399" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; border-image: none; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Can you remember that Greek</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> <b>restaurant we went <u>to</u> last year? </b></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td width="399" valign="top" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1pt 1pt; border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br></span></span></u></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>In whose</span></u></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> team are you? </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> </td> <td width="399" valign="top" style="border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Whose</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> team are you <u>in</u>? </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(255, 51, 153); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'> </span></b></p> <br></html> =====What===== <html><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Do not use 'what' in relative clauses. It does not have the same meaning as 'which' and 'that'. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><!--?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /--></span></b> </p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>This is the report what I wrote after the conference. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <img height="149" id="40" style="width: 21px; height: 16px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 176, 80);"></span></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>This is the report (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span>/<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>) I wrote after the conference. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><img height="112" id="39" style="width: 20px; height: 16px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> </p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>If there is any doubt, think of 'what'<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span>as meaning 'the thing(s) that'. </span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>This is <u>what</u> I wrote after the conference. ['what' = the thing that I wrote = the report]</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Can you tell me <u>what</u> you have done today? [the things that you have done]</span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I told them <u>what</u> they have to bring with them to the conference. [the thing or things that they have to bring] </span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> </p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Note that </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>it can be used either as a subject or an object. As a subject, it can take either a singular or a plural verb:</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>What they showed us at the presentation <u>was</u> very interesting. What I liked most <u>were</u> the pictures. </span></b></p> <p> </p></html> =====All that===== <html><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>With 'all', we do not use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span>. We use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that </span>in this kind of sentence:<!--?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /--></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>All <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that </span>happened was another disagreement about the launch date - it wasn't a productive meeting.<span style="color: red;"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>They provided all <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that </span>was required.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> </p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>But in this kind of sentence, when there is a subject and verb, it's better to omit <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>:</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>All we need to do is agree on a date - then we can go home.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I'm not an expert - all I know is how to switch it on and off.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> </p></html> =====Of which, whom, whose===== <html><P class=ecxmsonormal style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">We can use <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">which</SPAN>, <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">whom </SPAN>and <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">whose</SPAN> with numbers and quantifiers in this kind of sentence in order to avoid using two sentences and a pronoun:<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /></SPAN></B></P> <P class=ecxmsonormal style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></B></P> <TABLE Table style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 478.8pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=638 border=1> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">They have three cars, one of <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">which </SPAN>is a Renault.</SPAN></B></P> <P class=ecxmsonormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">= They have three cars. One of <U>them</U> is a Renault.</SPAN></B></P> <P class=ecxmsonormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">We stayed in a hotel in Paris, the name of <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">which</SPAN> I can't remember.</SPAN></B></P> <P class=ecxmsonormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">= We stayed in a hotel in Paris. I can't remember the name of <U>it</U>.</SPAN></B></P> <P class=ecxmsonormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">There are two films on TV tonight, both of <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">which</SPAN> I've seen before.</SPAN></B></P> <P class=ecxmsonormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">= There are two films on TV tonight. I've seen both of <U>them</U> before.</SPAN></B></P> <P class=ecxmsonormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Matt has three brothers, two of <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">whom</SPAN> are married.*<SPAN style="COLOR: #00b050"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">= Matt has three brothers. Two of <U>them</U> are married.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #00b050; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I have lots of clients in Asia, most of <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">whom </SPAN>can't speak French. *</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #00b050; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">= I have lots of clients in Asia. Most of <U>them</U><SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"> </SPAN>can't speak French.<SPAN style="COLOR: #00b050"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 5"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I deal with a company, many of <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">whose</SPAN> clients are Asian.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">= I deal with a company. Most of <U>its</U> clients are Asians.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; "> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She's an American writer, some of <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">whose</SPAN> books have been translated into French.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 239.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=319> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">= She's an American writer. Some of <U>her</U> books have been translated into French.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #00b050; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P class=ecxmsonormal style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">*<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">Note that </SPAN>in these examples, <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">who</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0"> </SPAN>is not possible and <U><SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">whom </SPAN>doesn't sound too formal or unnatural</U> as it does in other relative clauses.</SPAN></B></P> <P class=ecxmsonormal style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></B></P><BR></html> =====Nominal relative clauses ===== <html><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>These are a kind of noun clause. They have a 'wh' word at the beginning and are found as subjects or objects in various kinds of sentences. <!--?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /--></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Here are some examples:</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>'wh' + infinitive is used after some verbs, including the following:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I don't know <u><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> to have the meeting</u> or <u><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> to invite</u>. </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She informed him <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> to contact about the changes.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They advised us <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> to park.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>When we introduce something with the verb 'to be':</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>This is <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> I'd love to live.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>This is <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> I've invited.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>In questions:</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Do you know <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> to put it?</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Sentences that imply a question or a lack of information:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I wonder <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> that is.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I asked her <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> I could find a bank.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: red; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>As a subject:</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Where </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>we're going to launch the new product has still to be decided.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Note that </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>we can also make these kinds of sentences with 'what' and 'how'. For example:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I found out what to do with these - let me explain.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>She warned us what to expect if we didn't take action immediately.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He told us how to fix it.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>That isn't what I meant.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Here's what I've prepared so far.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>This isn't how we usually do it.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Can you remember what he said?</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>What<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span>we learned at the seminar was really useful.<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;'><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>When we want to be emphatic, we use a noun clause at the beginning of a sentence as a subject:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <table width="558" style="margin: auto auto auto 40.85pt; border: currentColor; width: 418.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" table=""> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td width="308" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'>Emphatic</span></b></p></td> <td width="249" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 187.1pt;"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'>Neutral</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td width="308" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'>What I like most about him is his honesty.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'>What I need right now is a strong cup of coffee and some chocolate.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(112, 48, 160); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'>What<span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"> </span>I hated about that job was the long journey every morning.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'>Where</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'> I'd really like to go this year is the US.</span></b></p></td> <td width="249" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 187.1pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'>I like his honesty most.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'>I need a strong cup of coffee and some chocolate.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'>I hated the long journey every morning in that job.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'>I'd really like to go to the US this year.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;'> </span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p><br></p></html> =====Examples===== <html><p><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1949_8aeb1f214126db0ae3a17f5fc286f578.jpg" rel="image_show"><img width="282" height="425" id="1949" style="width: 109px; height: 139px;" alt="gift parcel disappointed present" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1949_8aeb1f214126db0ae3a17f5fc286f578.jpg"></a> <b style=";"><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'>Oh no, these aren't the shoes (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">which</span>/<u><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span></u>) I ordered.</span></b></p><p><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;'><a class="various" href="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/545_5a9b76ef73e95822e1632cd2b81e99a1.jpg" rel="image_show"><img width="315" height="258" id="545" style="width: 99px; height: 77px;" alt="Woman man picture gallery museum flirt painting art" src="https://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/545_5a9b76ef73e95822e1632cd2b81e99a1.jpg"></a> <span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; ;'><strong>I'll never forget the day (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span>) I met him. </strong></span></span></p><p> <img height="149" id="831" style="width: 101px; height: 105px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/831_fbac3fe979f8151bf28d66f755e10390.jpg"> <span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'><strong>This is <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">what</span> we need to consider first.</strong></span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'></span> <p><img height="149" id="719" style="width: 106px; height: 112px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/719_2fd8a83d01bda8fd66186ebebc207174.jpg"> <b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Nearly everything has been done. All <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">that</span> remains is the fitting of the new windows and doors.</span></b></p> <p><!--?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /--><img height="127" id="1575" style="width: 140px; height: 111px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1575_46f5a52e652082f5e8a2654dfb3eb638.jpg"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>There are seventeen people in my team, nine of <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span> are men and eight of <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span> are women.</span></b></p> <p><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'><img height="224" id="1439" style="width: 90px; height: 124px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1439_6b252d2f73e582b47ab8b5119441c7fc.jpg"> <span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'>I can't remember <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where </span>I put my keys.</span></span></b></p> <p></p></html> [[en:grammar:home|{{ :file_-_back_3_.png?150 }}]]