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Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong. ======Whom, whose, where ====== =====Introduction===== <html><p><img height="228" id="1319" style="width: 96px; height: 154px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/1319_816fde56811afcd8bb816c91080c05fc.png"> <span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><strong>I have a friend <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span> husband travels a lot.</strong></span><br> </p></html> =====Definition===== <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%">Whom </SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%">is a pronoun,<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"> whose</SPAN> can be a pronoun or a determiner and <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">where </SPAN>is an adverb.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"></SPAN></B> </P><BR></html> =====Construction===== <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-US style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%">There are several different ways to construct sentences with these pronouns. Here are some examples:<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-US style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-US style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>These are the people <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">whom</SPAN> I met at the conference.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-US style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-US style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN></B><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-US style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%">This is my friend <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">whose</SPAN> parents are Canadian.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-US style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style=""><SPAN lang=EN-US style="; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>My sister still lives in the town <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">where</SPAN> we were born.<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P><BR></html> =====Uses===== <html><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Whom </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>is used<span style="color: red;"> </span>to talk about people and is sometimes an alternative to <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">who</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span>and<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">that</span>.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Whose </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>refers to belonging and association and can be used with people or things.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 51, 153);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Where </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>is used to talk about places.</span></b> </p> <p> </p></html> =====Whom===== <html><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Note that </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>this is pronounced /hu:m/.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We can use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom </span>or <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">who </span>in this kind of sentence:</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The client <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span>/<span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">who</span> we met in London is coming to see us next week.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>This is because 'The client' is the object of the verb 'met' and the subject of the verb 'is coming'.<span style="color: red;"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>In contrast, we cannot use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom </span>in this sentence:</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My sister<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span>whom lives in Paris is an architect. <img height="149" id="40" style="width: 16px; height: 12px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/40_457126aaf23a65c1331eea83d27fb7c4.jpg"></span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>My sister <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">who</span> lives in Paris is an architect. <img height="111" id="39" style="width: 16px; height: 15px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/39_db7196aad25f86da510b9bb08610a187.jpg"></span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Because 'My sister' is the subject of both the verb 'lives' <u>and</u> 'is'.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>If there is any doubt, it is better to use<span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"> who</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span>because <u>it is much more common than <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span></u> - both spoken and written. <span style="color: rgb(244, 176, 131);"></span></span></b></p> <p> </p></html> =====Whose===== <html><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Note that </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>this has the same pronunciation as 'who's' - /hu:z/.<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"></span></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose </span>in relative clauses. It replaces the <span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">possessive adjectives </span>'his', 'her', 'its' and 'their' and enables us to use one sentence instead of two/</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 204); line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Note that </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>it can be used to refer to what 'belongs' to <u>a person or a thing</u>:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I have a friend. Her children are the same age as mine.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>= I have a friend <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span> children are the same age as mine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='color: rgb(0, 176, 80); line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>What's the name of the man <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span> car you borrowed? </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I work for a company <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span> head office is in Lyon. </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>These sentences show the difference between <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">who</span> and <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span>: </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I had lunch with a man<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">who</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"> </span>works in Lyon. [He works in Lyon.]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I met a man <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span> sister works in Lyon. [His sister works in Lyon.]</span></b></p> <p><br></p></html> =====Where===== <html><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>We use <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> in defining relative clauses to avoid repeating the name of a place and so that we can use one sentence instead of two. It has the meaning of 'there' or 'in that place'. For example:</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'></span></b> </p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <table style="border: currentColor; border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" table=""> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>'Where' in relative clause</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="background: rgb(91, 155, 213); border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>Meaning</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The village<span style="color: rgb(244, 176, 131);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> I was born is in the South of France.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>The village is in the South of France. I was born there/in that village.</span></b></p></td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>I want to live in a town <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> there are lots of shops, theatres and museums.</span></b></p></td> <td width="319" valign="top" style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(91, 155, 213) rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt; background-color: transparent;"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'>There are towns with lots of shops, theatres and museums. I want to live in this kind of town. </span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";'> </span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> </p></html> =====Examples===== <html><p><img height="99" id="84" style="width: 112px; height: 71px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/84_9a24c45826141bb416965346e113d2fe.jpg"> <span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><strong>Is that the building <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span> roof was damaged?</strong></span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><img height="115" id="89" style="width: 112px; height: 88px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/89_bf768d7ccb4d163debcddf677297b86c.jpg"> <span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><strong>We like relaxed, informal restaurants <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">where</span> we can get good food and wine at reasonable prices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></strong></span></span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><strong><img height="119" id="343" style="width: 103px; height: 92px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/343_9abfb1dbf6c57f1c281e52a98111f219.png"> <font face="arial">"Is this your first visit here?" "Yes, it is. But I have a friend <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whose</span> sister works here."</font></strong></span></span></span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><strong><img height="91" id="349" style="width: 113px; height: 78px;" alt="Image" src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/349_73c64d4e1e38c9ac259848c4fa20cadb.png"> <span lang="EN-US" style='line-height: 107%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;'><font face="arial">There is someone <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">whom</span> I would like to bring into this team.</font></span></strong></span></span></span></span> </p></html> [[en:grammar:home|{{ :file_-_back_3_.png?150 }}]]