Show pageOld revisionsBacklinksExport to PDFBack to top This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong. ======The subjunctive====== ========== <html><TABLE style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=0 Table> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND: white; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 147.15pt" vAlign=top width=196> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"><IMG id=12 style="WIDTH: 150px" alt=Image src="http://www.e-exercises.com/img/bibliotheque/12_05b699a0e6ddeffefef079810fd7f2fd.jpg"></SPAN></B></P> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 314.95pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" vAlign=top width=420> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 2.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">It's essential that everyone <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN> at the meeting tomorrow.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #2a3333; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR></html> =====Definition===== <html><P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">The subjunctive is a verb form that can be used as an alternative to some present and past tenses. </SPAN></B></P><BR><BR></html> =====Construction===== <html><P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">For present tenses, it is the <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0">bare infinitive</SPAN>.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">For past tenses, it is also the bare infinitive except for the verb 'to be', which uses <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were</SPAN>.<SPAN style="COLOR: red"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It is always the same form for I, you, he, they etc.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt" Table border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 154pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=205> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">'to be' present</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 142pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=189> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">'to be' past</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 166.1pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=221> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Other verbs present and past</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; "> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 154pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=205> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">you <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">it <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">we <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">they <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN></SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 142pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=189> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">you <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">it <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">we <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">they <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 166.1pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=221> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">go</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">you <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">go</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">go</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">go</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">it <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">go</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">we<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"> go</SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">they <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">go</SPAN></SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR><BR><BR></html> =====Uses===== <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">The subjunctive is used after certain verbs and expressions to emphasise importance. For example:</SPAN></B></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt" Table border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Verbs</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Expressions</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; "> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">to advise (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">to ask (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">to request (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">to demand (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">to insist (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">to propose (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">to suggest (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">to recommend (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">to urge (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It's best (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It's crucial (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It's essential (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It's imperative (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It's vital (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It's important (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It's recommended (that)</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It's a good/bad idea (that) </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">On condition that</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">My advice is that</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">His wish is that</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR><BR><BR><BR></html> =====Examples===== <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Affirmative</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">She insists that her son <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN> home by 11pm.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">It was imperative that he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN> on time for the meeting.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">It's recommended that he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">take</SPAN> two tablets a day.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">The manager requested that his staff <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">arrive</SPAN> early the next morning.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">It was recommended that all visitors <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">wear</SPAN> protective clothing.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">It's vital that you <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN> available to work at weekends in this job.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Note that </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">the difference is not always noticeable. For I, you, we and they, the subjunctive is the same as the indicative:</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">It is important that you <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">practise</SPAN> English often.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">It is important that he/she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">practise</SPAN> English often.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Past tenses</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Note that </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">in the above examples which are in the past tense, we do not use 'were'. This is used in a different way - see below.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Negative</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">The manager insisted that we <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">not be </SPAN>late for the meeting.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">It is imperative that employees <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">not make </SPAN>personal phone calls during working hours.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">The government has recommended that tourists <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">not visit </SPAN>the country until it is safe to do so.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Continuous tenses</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">It's essential that a car <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be waiting </SPAN>for him at the airport.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">It's important that teams <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be working </SPAN>on the production line around the clock.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Passive</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">It's vital that two new secretaries <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be employed </SPAN>immediately.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">I demanded that I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be allowed </SPAN>to attend the meeting. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Should</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">We sometimes add <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">should </SPAN>to subjunctive sentences, especially after the verbs 'suggest', 'recommend' and 'insist'.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Her boss recommended that she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">should attend </SPAN>a training course.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">He insisted that she <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">shouldn't wait </SPAN>for him.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">They suggested that the meeting <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">shouldn't be held </SPAN>on Friday.</SPAN></B></P><BR><BR><BR><BR></html> =====Formal English===== <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">The subjunctive is more common in spoken American English than in spoken British English but is used in formal British English. For many of the above examples, there are less formal, indicative sentences with the same meaning. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She insists that her son <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">is</SPAN> home by 11pm.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">The manager insisted we <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">weren't </SPAN>late for the meeting.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It is imperative that employees <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">don't make </SPAN>personal phone calls during working hours.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It's essential that a car <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">is waiting </SPAN>for him at the airport.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 35.45pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">It's vital that two new secretaries <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">are employed </SPAN>immediately.</SPAN></B></P><BR><BR></html> =====Wishes===== <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">We sometimes use the subjunctive to talk about what we want to happen; what we hope will happen or what we imagine happening, especially with 'if', 'as if', 'wish' or 'suppose'. This is when we use <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were</SPAN> as the past form of 'to be' although it is also possible in informal, conversational English, to use <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">was</SPAN>.</SPAN></B></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt" Table border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Formal</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white">Informal</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; "> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">If<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"> </SPAN>I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were </SPAN>you, I'd look for a new job.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">She behaves as if she<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"> were </SPAN>the boss.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I wish it<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"> were </SPAN>Friday.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Suppose he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were</SPAN> rich, would you marry him?</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 231.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=308> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">If<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"> </SPAN>I <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">was </SPAN>you... She behaves as if she<SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"> was</SPAN>...</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">I wish it <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">was</SPAN>...</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ">Suppose he <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">was</SPAN> rich...</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; "> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; ">Note that although you may hear British people using this form, it is better for non-native speakers <U>not to use</U> it.</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; "> </SPAN></B></P><BR><BR><BR><BR></html> =====Standard expressions===== <html><P><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Certain fixed expressions use the subjunctive. For example:</SPAN></B></P> <P><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Long <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">live</SPAN> the Queen/President!</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">God <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">bless </SPAN>you.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Heaven <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">forbid</SPAN>! [when you really hope that something doesn't happen]</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Heaven <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">help</SPAN> us!</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Be</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> that as it may, I still want you to finish the job by Friday. [That may be true or not but...]</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">We're all in the same boat, as it <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">were</SPAN>. [...in a way, so to speak.]</SPAN></B></P><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc"> Come</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> what may, I'll continue to support you. [Whatever happens...]</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN></P></SPAN></B> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Far <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN> it from me to disagree/criticise etc... [a polite introduction to a negative comment]<SPAN style="COLOR: red"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> If need <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN>, I'll come with you. [If it's necessary...]</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN></P></SPAN></B> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Perish</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"> the thought! [a reaction to an unpleasant or ridiculous suggestion or possibility]<SPAN style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">So <SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc">be</SPAN> it. [It can't be changed so we have to accept the situation.]</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 35.45pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Suffice </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">(it) to say,.. [an introduction to a short explanation or summary - It is enough to say that...<A name=_GoBack></A>]</SPAN></B></P><BR></html> [[en:grammar:home|{{ :file_-_back_3_.png?150 }}]]