The future seen from the past

I was only going to order a croissant but I changed my mind!

These structures are for talking about past events when we want to refer to something that was in the future at that time.

We use the past forms of the tenses we usually use to talk about the future. For example:

Jan 2016: It's going to be a difficult year for us so we'll have to cut costs.

Dec 2016: We knew in January that it was going to be a difficult year for us and that we'd have to cut costs.

Future tense	As seen from the past
future simple will	would
am/is/are going to	was/were going to
present continuous	past continuous
present simple	past simple
future continuous 'will' + 'be' + present participle	'would' + 'be' + present participle
future perfect simple 'will have' + past participle	'would have' + past participle
future perfect continuous 'will have been' + present participle	'would have been' + present participle

We use the past tense forms of verbs and expressions that we usually use for the future in order to talk about an event or activity that was in the future at a certain point in the past.

We don't always know if the activity happened or not:

He didn't give her the results on the phone because he had a lot to do and was seeing her later anyway. She was annoyed when she realised this but was happy with the results!

I was going to discuss it with her at the meeting the next day but she wasn't there.

As well as the standard future tenses, we can also use other expressions for the future in this way.

Expressions with 'be'

Expression	Examples
'be' + infinitive	We were surprised to hear that the company was to lay off 2,000 employees. She joined the company in 1984 but it was to be another 30 years before she became a senior manager.* He was to direct two more comedies before switching to science fiction films in the 1990s.*
'be about' + infinitive	I was just about to go to lunch when an emergency meeting was called.
'be due'+ infinitive	He was due to retire in March but the company asked him to stay on for another six months.
'be bound' + infinitive	He was bound to refuse - I don't know why you asked him!
'be set' + infinitive	They were all set to go ahead with the barbecue but it rained after all.
be sure/certain/likely /unlikely etc. + infinitive	I knew he was unlikely to accept - it wasn't really the right job for him.
be on the verge/brink/point of + noun or gerund	Scientists at that time didn't realise they were on the brink of a major discovery.

* Note that when 'be' + infinitive refers to the future from the past, it is often used to talk about what happened to someone whether they were in control of these events or not. See Expressions for taking about the future for more information.

Expressions with other verbs

Verb

Examples

aim, expect, guarantee, hope, intend, mean, propose, want etc. + infinitive

They were hoping to get an earlier train but got held up in traffic.

He intended to look into the matter as soon as he had time.

'looking' + infinitive

They were looking to expand into North America before the financial crisis.

When I heard they were going to retire to the coast, I was really happy for them. I knew they wouldn't regret it.

We went out early because we were meeting friends for breakfast at their hotel. We wanted to see them before they left for the airport.

We knew the doors opened at 6.00 so we had to hurry to make sure we got a spot near the stage.

She was getting excited because it was her birthday the next day.

She couldn't have imagined that by the end of the year she'd be working for a big international company. Maybe later, she'd get a posting abroad.

They looked at their list and were pleased to see that by the end of the year, they would have visited every country in Europe. When they got to the last one, they'd do something special to celebrate