Show pageOld revisionsBacklinksExport to PDFBack to top This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong. ======Elliptical clauses====== =====Introduction===== <html><P style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">An elliptical clause is a clause that is not grammatically complete. Whilst we understand the clause, a part of it is missing. It is clear to the listener what the missing words are because of the logic of the sentence. An elliptical clause can be any type of clause.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">In written and spoken English, elliptical phrases/clauses are used all the time. They are considered grammatically correct and natural. Indeed it often sounds unnatural to use the full construction.</SPAN></B></P><BR><BR></html> ========== <html><BR> <P style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Omitting <SPAN style="COLOR: #8064a2">relative pronouns</SPAN>.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">I knew (that) I had forgotten something.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">That is the man (who) I had lunch with last week.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">I suggest (that) you try Oxford Street.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">We stayed at the hotel (which) John recommended.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">IMPORTANT: see the rule in the <SPAN style="COLOR: #8064a2">relative clause</SPAN> definition for when these pronouns can be omitted.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Omitting a verb or verbal phrase in comparative phrases.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">He is taller than she</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127"> (is).</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Susan can dance better than John </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(can dance)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">She was as busy as I</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127"> (was).</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">He worried about the quality more than</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127"> (he worried about)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> the price.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">IMPORTANT: See the rule in <SPAN style="COLOR: #8064a2">comparatives</SPAN> for using the object or the subject pronoun.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Omitting pronouns in passive phrases.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">The equipment </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(which is) </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">needed to tighten the bolt is attached to the frame.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><U><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"> </SPAN></SPAN></U></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Omitting words or phrases mentioned immediately prior to the sentence.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">a.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">In conversations.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">A.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">When will you print the report?</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">B.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(I will print the report) </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">as soon as I have finished.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">A.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Fred asked me to go to the management meeting this afternoon.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">B.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">He asked me </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(to go to the meeting)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> too but I don't have the time.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">b.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">In the same or the previous sentence.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 49.65pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">I have three more rules to write and Tania </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(has) </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">four. <SPAN style="COLOR: red"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 49.65pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">I knew she had a problem but I didn't know what </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(the problem was)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 49.65pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Peter wants to go on holiday but he doesn't know where </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(he wants to go)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 49.65pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Peter is going to the meeting. Mary is going</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127"> (to the meeting)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> too. <SPAN style="COLOR: red"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 49.65pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">I would like to watch a film but I don't know which</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127"> (film)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 49.65pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">James doesn't like his boss but he doesn't know why</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127"> (he doesn't like his boss)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Omitting verbal phrases.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Once </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(they were)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> inside the house, they felt warmer.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">What </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(will happen)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> if I press this button?</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">It is as easy to make a cake as </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(it is)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> to buy one.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Shoot when </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(you are)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> ready.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Omitting <SPAN style="COLOR: #8064a2">auxiliary verbs</SPAN>.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">I have visited Thailand and </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(I have visited)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> all the temples. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Mary has done all the washing and </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(she has done all)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> the ironing.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt" ><B><U><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"> </SPAN></SPAN></U></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -1cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 1cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Omitting words or phrases in casual or colloquial speech.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">In casual or colloquial speech, we often leave out many parts of speech. Different people leave out different parts of speech depending on region, upbringing and the relationship with the other person.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Consider the following conversation:</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">A.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Do you want to go for a drink Jim?</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -21.8pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">B.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Yes I do. How about going to 'The Dog and Duck' at around six o'clock this evening.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">This is what you might hear:</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">A.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Fancy a pint, Jim?</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">B.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Yeah, Dog and Duck, say 6ish?</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 1cm" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Further examples:</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Jim: <SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(Are you)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> in a hurry Mike?</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -57.9pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 108pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Mike: <SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #f79646">Nods</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #92d050">.</SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127"> (Yes I am I)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> don't want the boss to see me. </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(I have</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: gray; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 128">)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> terrible results this month.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Jim: <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: gray; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 128">(</SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">Have you)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> had lunch?</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Mike: Hmmm <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(Yes I have)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> just </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(had lunch)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Jim:<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(Would you like a cup of)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> coffee?</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -0.55pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 49.65pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Mike: Hmm <SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(Yes please.) (I would like my coffee)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> black without </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial,Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: #7f7f7f; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial,Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 127">(sugar,)</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> please.</SPAN></B></P> <P><BR \> </P> <P><BR \> </P></html> =====Note===== <html><P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">If there is a danger of misunderstanding, then do not leave words out of the sentence.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <TABLE style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" Table border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 271.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=362> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B style=""><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">What <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>we hear</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 369.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=493> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">What we understand</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 271.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=362> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">He has dinner with his boss more often than me.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 369.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=493> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Either:<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">He has dinner with his boss more often than I have dinner with my boss.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Or:<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">He has dinner with his boss more often than he has dinner with me.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="; "> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 271.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=362> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><A name=_GoBack></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">She likes chocolate more than me.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 369.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=493> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Either:</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">She likes chocolate more than she likes me.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Or:<SPAN style="COLOR: red"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">She likes chocolate more than I like chocolate. </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: red; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; ; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P><BR><BR><BR \><BR \></html> [[en:grammar:home|{{ :file_-_back_3_.png?150 }}]]