Show pageOld revisionsBacklinksExport to PDFBack to top This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong. ======Definition of a subordinate clause====== ========== <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">A subordinate or dependent clause contains a verb and a subject but does not express a complete thought. A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence: </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #353535; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">When Jenny was a teacher</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">...</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="COLOR: #0000cc"></SPAN></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">This is not a complete thought as we do not know what happened when Jenny was a teacher. It is a dependent clause. <SPAN style="COLOR: #353535"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">A subordinate clause is connected to the <SPAN style="COLOR: #7030a0">main clause</SPAN> in a sentence by a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun<SPAN style="COLOR: #353535">. </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="COLOR: #353535"></SPAN></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #353535; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"> <TABLE style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=1 Table> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 298.85pt" vAlign=top width=398 colSpan=3> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Subordinate conjunctions</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BACKGROUND: #4f81bd; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 163.25pt" vAlign=top width=218> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: white; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Relative pronouns</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 94.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" vAlign=top width=126> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">after </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">although<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">as</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">as if</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">as long as</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">as much as</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">as soon as</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">as though</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">because</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">before</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">by the time</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">even</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">even if</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">even though</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">how</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 102.3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" vAlign=top width=136> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">if</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">in as much as</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">in order that</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">just as</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">lest</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">now</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">now that</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">once</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">only if</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">provided that</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">rather than</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">since</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">so that</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">supposing</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">than</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 102.05pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" vAlign=top width=136> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">that</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">though</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">unless</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">until</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">when</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">whenever</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">where</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">whereas</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">wherever</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">whether</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">while</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">why</SPAN></B></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #4f81bd 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #4f81bd 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 163.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" vAlign=top width=218> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">that</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">what</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">which</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">whichever</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">who</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">whoever</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">whom</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">whose</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">whosever</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">whomever</SPAN></B></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width=126> <P> </P> <P> </P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width=136></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width=136></TD> <TD style="BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width=218></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #353535; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></P></html> =====Types of subordinate clauses===== <html><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">A noun clause</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">The subject or object of a sentence answering the question 'who?' or 'what?'<SPAN style="COLOR: blue"></SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> </SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Whoever takes the minutes</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #353535; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">will sit next to the chairman.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">The New Zealand fans hope</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #353535; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">that the All Blacks will win again</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">.</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #353535; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">An adverbial clause</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Adds information to the main clause answering questions such as 'when?', 'where?', 'why?', 'with what goal?' and 'under what conditions?'</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Jenny was late for the meeting</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <B><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">because there was a traffic jam</SPAN>.</B></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">If you </SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">practise</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> every day</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">,</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <B>you will have no problem with the exam.</B></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">An adjective clause</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Modifies the noun by answering questions such as 'which?' or 'what kind of?'</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; tab-stops: 122.25pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">The books</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <B><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">that they bought</SPAN></B> <B>were expensive.</B></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Mr. Nissan,</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <B><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">who is Japanese</SPAN>,</B> <B>is visiting Paris.</B></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Note</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Whilst a subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence, as it is not a complete thought, it is often used as a response to a question. The complete thought is a function of the question and the answer.</SPAN></B></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"></SPAN></B> </P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #0000cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Examples</SPAN></B></P> <OL type=A> <LI style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Are you coming to the meeting on Friday?</SPAN></B></LI> <LI style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">Yes,</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <B><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">if I have time</SPAN>.</B></SPAN></LI></OL> <OL type=A> <LI style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">When will you print the report?</SPAN></B></LI> <LI style="COLOR: blue; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">As soon as I have finished it</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB">.</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB"></SPAN></B></LI></OL><BR></html> =====Nominal relative clauses===== <html><div><br></div><div> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>A nominal relative clause is similar to a defining relative clause, but the noun and relative pronoun are combined in a nominal relative pronoun - usually 'what'.</span></b></p> <p style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>This is <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">the button (that) you have to press.</span></u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>[defining relative clause]</span></b></p> <p style="margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt; margin-left:0cm;text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:normal;background:white"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>This is<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <u>what you have to press</u></span>. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>[nominal relative clause] </span></b></p> <b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br></div></html> [[en:grammar:home|{{ :file_-_back_3_.png?150 }}]]